The Carolingian – culture, arts, æsthetics



Lost in Translation: Beda und die Geburt des Englischen


Lost in Translation
Mitten im frühen Mittelalter wird der Angelsachse Beda zum Prototyp des Universalgelehrten. Ihm verdanken wir nebst Geschichtsschreibung die Erhaltung des ältesten englischsprachigen Gedichts. Bild: Pixabay.




2026 I


Ten Years of The Carolingian: A Brief Reflection

The main reason that The Carolingian has existed for ten years is that it has never intended to survive. I remember the summer evening in 2016. Gregorius Advena


Lost in Translation: Beda, Caedmon, Anfänge der Englischen Dichtung

Einem einzigen Engländer gesteht Dante einen Platz im Paradies zu: Beda, der den Ehrentitel Venerabilis erhielt. Wer war das? Christoph Wurm


Ishi from Nagasaki: Between Performance and Trauma

We were still in the spring of our life. Late spring perhaps. The world around us was young and we were still without children. Heiner Thiessen


Proslogion: Quod vere sit Deus nec possit cogitari non esse

Eia, nunc homuncio, fuge paululum occupationes tuas, absconde te modicum a tumultuosis cogitationibus tuis. Abice nunc onerosas curas. Anselmus Cantuariensis


The Carolingian 2025 II: Articles and Essays

The contributions from the last year are still available. This is a good chance to read them if you haven’t yet. The Carolingian








Folium II, 2026 I





Ten Years of The Carolingian

A BRIEF REFLECTION

Gregorius Advena


Ten Years of The Carolingian

ESSAY



The main reason that The Carolingian has existed for ten years is that it has never intended to survive. I remember the summer evening in 2016 when I, still digesting the news of Brexit, decided to stretch my arms to my literary friends in Europe: through a personal newsletter (it is all it was) about my works and projects. I called it in jest The Carolingian, to show that the European spirit was still alive, and also as a hint at the much overlooked Carolingian renaissance, a defining moment for Europe. For a while, I contemplated the thought of producing essays only for the newsletter, even as a sole contributor, and I did compose a few writings I recall with great joy. But I soon realised this approach would require me to become a Karl Kraus, and for all my belief in the power of my work,



1




I felt it would be inappropriate to emulate Die Fackel and risk editing a derivative me-too periodical. It became clear that The Carolingian should not be about me. The watershed moment was in March 2018, when the first guest contributions were published. They came from friends, and this for two reasons: I did not want the work to resemble a professional magazine, and the work was not meant to be permanent. The guiding thought was that, for the meaningful word, even a transient medium is good enough. It was just about getting the word out there for a while, then moving on. But by 2020 The Carolingian had found willing regular contributors. Before I noticed, the little email newsletter had acquired a cultural life of its own. I was only a minor feature behind the scene, and ever since my contributions have been limited to Latin composition. Being the little man here has given me some of the happiest hours of my life.



2




Throughout its history, The Carolingian has been snubbed by new online reviews and magazines that, at first sight, had every reason to snub it. I myself marvelled at the wealth of their resources: a catchy title, paid staff and trained journalists, a grant from a prestigious foundation or even the government, and most importantly a tremendous marketing budget. And after two years all was over. I saw this again and again, and I still wonder how a modest project such as The Carolingian, with a counter-intuitive title, no paid or trained staff, a website I built from scratch over the years, no marketing budget, no grant, no benefactor, no prestigious endorsement, could outlive the most promising magazines. I struggle to understand it. Learning about project management, however, taught me one or two things. The modern project needs to ensure



3




continued business justification, and maybe this was the ruin of those magazines. After a few months the manager found out there was not enough income, and that was the end of it. Benjamin Franklin is the proof that founding a country is still easier than running a magazine: his own project lasted six months. The truth is that a project like mine, or any serious periodical, operates in a different paradigm. The Carolingian has no business justification. Its justification is Olympic. I say Olympic in the Ancient sense: the celebration of the joy of effort, physical there, here intellectual, as a cultural service to society. Continuity as a duty to the formidable gods, a ritual pre-historical and civilisational at once. It is by not being a modern project that The Carolingian has survived, so far, the modern world.



4




Few things are as liberating as modesty. The true goal, Olympic as it is, is not to conquer the world. Is the world worth conquering? The goal is to exist and, after existing, to have existed. The sacred playfulness of the pursuits is worth enjoying, much more than it seems. The Carolingian does not have millions or readers, but the readers it had in 2018 it still has in 2026. The contributions are not flooded with likes, but one day a 500-word letter arrives and tells a story of how an essay, perhaps from years ago, changed someone’s life. Something beautiful has been built, even if most readers are not on social media. The sweet paradox is that, although The Carolingian is devised for the internet, the internet is incompatible with the triumph of culture, civilisation, enlightenment and all The Carolingian stands for,



5




ideological as this may sound to some. The ideal internet would enforce the primacy of high culture in all channels. Yet since this entails a great deal of biased gatekeeping as the censorship of mercantile mediocrity, it is more rewarding to float together with the banal, the trivial, the vulgar, only to be a beacon, from time to time, to a different reader. For the one mind may carry the whole of mankind in itself. Certain encounters reveal the Olympic beauty of our frailty. I stand by what I wrote, one evening, a long time ago: True beauty is to be everything and be worth nothing, absolutely nothing. It has been interesting to see what has passed through The Carolingian. Some in my position might be tempted to wonder where they will be in another ten years. I do not share this curiosity. I may not even exist then. As far as the irony of fate is concerned,



6




this might as well be the last edition of The Carolingian. The interesting question is not how long to keep going, but what existence in all its fullness and worthlessness has meant so far. So far, this has been a place where writers gather every now and then and discuss current affairs of culture. C’è di peggio.

I was walking in the woods last week, where I wrote a few notes for this text, and very far away under the canopy of trees, quite hidden in the dark, was this intriguing flower. Maybe I am the only one who saw it. Who is to say the most beautiful flower has ever been seen? Who can say the wisest words have really been read? A friend of mine and published poet told me, a while ago, that poetry is dead. Fragmentation online makes things difficult. But for good or ill, poetry is mankind itself. Brahms had been written off by the gatekeepers. We only know of him because Clara Schumann imposed his work,



7




concert after concert, on the snobbery of the establishment. Her husband’s Carnaval was published and ignored for twenty years. One evening she performed it in Vienna and it conquered the world. Is the world worth conquering? There is hidden charm in the thought that Schumann’s Carnaval could be one of those flowers, never seen and ever stunning. It occurs to me that the flower, not knowing its beauty, is even more true to itself. I am reminded of the monk scolded by a spirit for smelling a wild flower in the forest: by taking a scent that was not given, not to him, he became a thief of scent. I wonder if some creations of the delicate mind are not like the intriguing flower, best served by staying hidden for a long time, lest the stranger’s sight offend it. But I must not digress. I am told the three of them gathered last year, an academic, a writer, a blogger, and said this about The Carolingian:



8




THE ACADEMIC: Oh well, Chomsky didn’t publish in it and it’s not even printed, so it’s not a serious publication. What’s in that for my career?
THE WRITER: Oh well, they don’t pay for contributions and I won’t write for nothing. Give me a break, I’m a professional. What’s in that for my career?
THE BLOGGER: Oh well, they barely have a social media presence, so no one reads them, they’ll never get anywhere. What’s all this about?

Bertrand Russell envisaged a beautiful idyll. When machines take over work and leisure becomes available at large, “young writers will not be obliged to draw attention to themselves by sensational pot-boilers, with a view to acquiring the economic independence needed for monumental works, for



9




which, when the time at last comes, they will have lost the taste and the capacity.″ The future arrives and takes by surprise the delicacy of the dream. And what a dream! “At least one percent will probably devote the time not spent in professional work to pursuits of some public importance, and, since they will not depend on these pursuits for their livelihood, their originality will be unhampered.″ I will send a letter to Mr. Trump, the new president, and tell him: Get the one percent together and send them our way. The Carolingian is waiting to build their monuments.

The marketing book talks about positioning, and the rule is emphatic: be the first! Everyone knows the first person who flew over the Atlantic. Does anybody know the second? It is a rare irony, I must say, that The Carolingian, even without



10




a business justification, found its positioning remarkably well. It was the first to bring together the languages, not only the living, the dead as well. The Olympic work could not be left to the digital fragmentation of the English tongue. What else? It was the first to marry the genres and styles, much to the shock of the paid pundit: the literary essay, the Ancient extract and the academic paper can, and ought to, share the same space. The validity of a thought is independent of the form in which it is conveyed. Anything else? The Carolingian crossed the bridge that leads to the unpredictable. In the same edition you had a vehement defence of the woke spirit and a highly critical appraisal of immigration in Europe. Karl Kraus would be surprised to see how constructive one’s cynicism can be. This did not come without added headache. I have



11




published contributions with which I profoundly disagree. They were well argued. Aristotle said, apparently, that a cultivated soul should be able to contemplate a dissenting thought with composure. The languages, the genres, the appraisals: The Carolingian sought a unique approach to the three, and it put together three unique approaches. I have reason to believe this forum was the first to do this, but if you know of any that got there before, just let me know. I shall give it much credit.

I imagine the dream of Aldhelm, when the angel proclaimed the eschatological mystery of Europe: “Father of England, you shall not work in vain, for the future is bright. The English language will thrive and much cultivation of spirit will come from Europe. Michelangelo, Beethoven and Shakespeare will pave the way for video games and social media,



12




for snacks, for pop music, for the glorious internet with Elon Musk and his inventions.” The heirs of the angel will spit on his grave and call him enemy of the people. On the 5th October 1888, Sullivan recorded his message to Edison: “I can only say that I am astonished and somewhat terrified at the results of this evening’s experiments: astonished at the wonderful power you have developed, and terrified at the thought that so much hideous and bad music may be put on record forever.” Thus spoke the voice of Nietzsche, not without a certain breath of elitism. Was Leonardo a man of the people? Tell Donald Trump to keep the ninety nine percent. All we need is the tiny rest. The golden days were golden because they had no phonograph. Imagine if Beethoven’s Große Fuge had to compete



13




with the musical empowerment of every tavern drunkard. Metternich would have loved it. Chaucer would have been thrilled to rely on instagram to share his poems. The brightness of the future is the civilisation that walks behind its own shadow, a democracy that puts Pericles to shame. The Große Fuge is so complete that now the tavern might as well take over. I shall not surrender to Sprengler’s fellahin prophecy. Let him weep for the West and the cultural zenith that has been and gone, while Caesarism takes over in Donald and the acts of his apostles (it is always good to see a new impulse to Christianity). In the dark ages it took a few monks, the one percent again, to keep a flame alive. If all The Carolingian published must perish, all but one sentence about Europe, culture and mankind, let it be this: Olympic ambition is noble.



14




Once you malign the quest for cultural excellence as a conspiracy against the people, you become an agent of oppression. They decry the backwardness of looking back at the past. They have not noticed it is easier to learn from the past than from the future. You must look back to know that the music of the future, if it is to have any original value, must be neither Beethoven nor the tavern cry. The very poem which is barbaric to write after Ausschwitz may be what prevented the hangman from worse. It is for the sake of the flowers and the poems that The Carolingian sets out an Olympic manifesto. I advocate the printing of circular books, conveying tradition and culture, passing from hand to hand free of charge, as they did under Charlemagne. I call for a search engine at the service of high culture, indexing only the best that has been



15




thought and written, in Europe and elsewhere. I want to see an online library where artificial intelligence recommends submitted manuscripts to lovers of culture, bypassing human censors, agents, publishers. I call for an encyclopaedia of contemporary art in Europe, a comprehensive register of what has been produced and discussed in art and aesthetics in the last fifty years. The bad news is the difficulty of the enterprise (all good things are difficult, the Ancient saying goes). I am not in a hurry. I need less than the one percent to make it happen, which is the good news. As long as the goals are worth pursuing, The Carolingian will have its pertinence as the forum it is now. I like calling it forum, because the word magazine has mercantile undertones. Rome had no magazines. Rome had the Forum, and that was enough. I thank all contributors who have kept the flame alive.














Folium III, 2026 I





Lost in Translation

BEDA, CÆDMON UND DIE ANFÄNGE
DER ENGLISCHEN DICHTUNG

Christoph Wurm

chrwurm@aol.com | christophwurm.de


Lost in Translation

ARTICLE



Einem einzigen Engländer gesteht Dante einen Platz im Paradies zu:1 Beda, der den Ehrentitel Venerabilis erhielt.2 Wer war das?

Beda (673/74-735), the Venerable Bede, ist vor allem als Vater der englischen Geschichtsschreibung bekannt. Fast sein ganzes Leben verbrachte der Benediktinermönch in der Nähe des heutigen Newcastle, im northumbrischen Kloster Jarrow, einer wohlhabenden Abtei mit internationalen Kontakten. Er machte sie zum kulturellen Zentrum Englands.

Beda hinterließ ein wahrhaft enzyklopädisches Werk: Schulbücher, theologische Traktate, Heiligenviten, kosmographische Abhandlungen, eine Klostergeschichte und – wichtigstes Vorbild mittelalterlicher Geschichtsschreibung – seine 731 vollendete Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum.



1





Am Ende seines Geschichtswerkes (in V,24) fügt er eine autobiographische Notiz sowie eine Übersicht über die eigenen Werke an; fast alles von dem Wenigen, was wir über Beda wissen, entstammt diesem Anhang.

Mit sieben Jahren trat er auf Veranlassung von Verwandten – vermutlich nach dem Tod der Eltern – in das Kloster ein, wo er sein ganzes Leben verbrachte; mit dreißig Jahren wurde er zum Priester geweiht.

Späteren Generationen von Ordensleuten galt Beda als das Vorbild unermüdlichen Bildungsdrangs. Als später Alkuin von York (735-804) erfährt, dass die Novizen des Klosters Lindisfarne ihre Zeit mit der Hasenjagd und dem Herausbuddeln von Füchsen aus ihren Löchern verbringen, hält er ihnen erzürnt das Beispiel Bedas entgegen – der habe sich von Kindesbeinen an der Gelehrsamkeit verschrieben.4



2





Modernen Historikern zufolge übertrifft die Historia ihre Vorbilder – Cassiodor, Isidor von Sevilla, Gregor von Tours – bei weitem an Präzision, Sachlichkeit und quellenkritischer Distanz.5

Beda bemüht sich um eine exakte Datierung der Ereignisse: In den drei ersten Kapiteln, also bis zur Eroberung Britanniens durch den römischen Kaiser Claudius (46 n. Chr.), rechnet er ab urbe condita, also genau wie Titus Livius, danach ab incarnatione Domini. Im Anhang verwendet er dann unsere moderne Zeitrechnung, mit der Opposition ante incarnationem Dominicam und ab incarnatione Domini. Die Monats- und Tagesbestimmung folgt im ganzen Werk dem traditionellen römischen Prinzip.

Eindrucksvoll ist nicht nur die gewissenhafte Aufführung aller Quellen und Gewährsleute in der Praefatio, die an den northumbrischen König Ceowulf gerichtet ist, sondern auch die



3





Umsicht, mit der sich der Verfasser seine Informationen verschaffte, Urkunden und mündliche Überlieferungen verwertete. Ein wichtiger Gewährsmann war für ihn Albinus, Abt von Canterbury, der ihm die dortigen Quellen zugänglich machte; ein weiterer der Londoner Priester Nothelm, der ihm bei einem Romaufenthalt päpstliche Urkunden beschaffte, deren Inhalt er verwenden konnte.

In Britannien wurde im Gegensatz zu Gallien das Lateinische nach dem Ende der Römerzeit durch das Erstarken der keltischen Dialekte zurückgedrängt. In Gallien, das kaum länger römische Provinz



4





gewesen war, blieb das Lateinische bestimmend. Die Sprache der angelsächsischen Stämme zur Zeit der Besitznahme der Insel war – ebenso wie die der Kelten – uneinheitlich. Es gab verschiedene Dialekte, so dass die Gebiete der in England errichteten Stammeskönigtümer ungefähr auch mit Dialektgrenzen zusammenfielen. Englalond wurde schließlich die Bezeichnung für das ganze germanisch besiedelte Gebiet der Insel, die Sprache hieß Englisc, lingua Anglorum.7 Beda differenziert zwar (I,15) zwischen Jüten (Iutae), Angeln (Angli, aus Schleswig) und Sachsen (Saxones, aus Holstein), begreift aber alle drei Stämme als Teile der gens Anglorum:



5





Im Frühjahr 597 landete Augustinus, der Apostel der Angelsachsen (gest. 604 oder 605), mit vierzig Mönchen im Nordosten Kents auf der Isle of Thanet,9 wo auch Caesars Einfall10 und die Landung der ersten Germanen stattgefunden hatten. Sie waren von Papst Gregor dem Großen entsandt worden, um die Angelsachsen zu missionieren.

Dieser Beginn der Mission war ganz benediktinisch geprägt. Von einem Benediktinerkloster auf einem der sieben Hügel Roms, dem Caelius, zogen sie zur Bekehrung Englands aus, und das Benediktinerkloster in Canterbury wurde der Ausgangspunkt einer Erneuerungsbewegung, die einen neuen Kern christlicher Kultur im Westen schuf, „tête de pont ecclésiastique et romaine“.11



6





„Im Gegensatz zu den Planungen Gregors des Großen – der die Gründung eines Erzbistums in London und eines zweiten in York vorgesehen hatte – wird das Zentrum des Königsreichs Kent zugleich Hauptantriebskraft und Symbol der Einheit Englands werden.“

Diese Missionare wirkten vorwiegend bei den Jüten in Kent; während Gregors Pontifikat erreichten sie die weiter nördlich siedelnden Angeln nicht. Im Frühmittelalter war die häufigere Gesamtbezeichnung für die germanischen Völker Britanniens im Lande selbst und außerhalb Sachsen; diese Bezeichnung hat sich bei den keltischen Völkern bis in die Gegenwart gehalten. Bedas Historia hat anscheinend viel zur Verbreitung der Bezeichnung England beigetragen.13



7





Es war den Römern in vier Jahrhunderten nicht gelungen, ganz Britannien, benannt nach den ersten (700 bis 500 vor Chr.) keltischen Besiedlern der Insel, den Priteni, zu erobern. Die Landenge zwischen dem Firth of Clyde und dem Firth of Forth war die durch den Riegel des Limes geschützte Nordgrenze zu den Pikten.

Schon vor dem Abzug der Römer, seit dem dritten Jahrhundert, kam es zu Einfällen in größerem Umfang. Als 409 die letzte Legion Britannien verlassen hatte, verstärkten sich die Angriffe. Die mit den germanischen Einfällen gleichzeitige Bedrohung Britanniens an der Westküste aus Irland wird von Beda nicht erwähnt.14

Er schildert (I, 15) wie die Briten nach wiederholten Hilferufen an Rom schließlich, von den Pikten und Skoten bedrängt, Germanenstämme aufforderten, ihnen gegen die Angreifer Hilfe zu leisten. Die Germanen sollten als Gegenleistung Landbesitz erhalten. Die ersten von ihnen landeten in Kent. Als es wegen der Belohnung für ihre Unterstützung zu einem Streit mit den Briten kam, wurden diese leicht besiegt.



8





Auf die Kunde von diesen Geschehnissen kamen nun weitere germanische Stämme mit dem Ziel der Landnahme und drängten die Kelten in langen Kämpfen in den Westen der Insel zurück. Diese Eroberung Britanniens vom Süden und Osten her ist in ihren einzelnen Phasen kaum bezeugt. Es steht fest, dass es mehrere Jahrhunderte dauerte, bis aus Britannien England wurde und den keltischen Völkern nur die Randzonen blieben.

Die germanische Kolonisation vollzog sich also nicht in Form einer Großinvasion wie 43 n. Chr. unter Claudius oder 865 n. Chr. durch die Dänen, sondern wurde von mehreren sächsischen Teilvölkern getragen, die in größeren und kleineren Wellen eindrangen. Das Christentum ging in den eroberten Gebieten unter.

Im Westen überlebten kleinere keltische Reiche: Devon, Cornwall, Wales, Cumbria und Strathclyde. Als die germanischen Völker weiter nach Westen vordrangen, flüchtete ein Teil der Briten über das Meer nach Süden und setzte sich in Aremorica fest. Das Land erhält später den Namen Britannia minor, Bretagne.



9




Die Jüten besiedelten das Gebiet von Kent und daran angrenzende Landstriche, die Sachsen den südlichen Teil der Insel sowie im Osten auch Gebiete nördlich der Themse, die Angeln das Zentrum und das Gebiet nördlich des Humber bis zum Firth of Forth, Northumbrien.

Das Hauptthema der Historia ist die trotz aller Widerstände, Heresien und Rückschläge fortschreitende Rechristianisierung Britanniens.

Es blieben Überreste römischer Zivilisation. Beda blickt auf die Römerzeit zurück und fügt hinzu “quod [=die römische Präsenz] civitatem, farus, pontes, et stratae ibidem [=südlich des limes] factae usque hodie testantur“ (Ende von Kapitel I, 11). Dazu kam die lateinische Sprache. Der britannische Mönch Gildas, Autor des in der Mitte des 6. Jahrhunderts verfassten Werks De Excidio Britanniae, schrieb auf Latein für seine Landsleute; das Werk, eine der Quellen Bedas, war nicht nur an Geistliche gerichtet. Im 5. und 6. Jahrhundert dürfte ein beträchtlicher Teil der Briten zweisprachig gewesen sein.



10




Theodor von Tarsus (602-690), der Geburtsstadt des Apostels Paulus in Kilikien, Erzbischof von Canterbury, der lange Jahre als Mönch in Rom gelebt hatte, und sein Helfer Hadrian (gest. 710), Abt von St. Peter und Paul in Canterbury, ein gebürtiger Nordafrikaner, gaben der englischen Kirche eine tragfähige Struktur. Theodor initiierte die Entwicklung fester Pfarrbezirke, setzte eine einheitliche Missionspolitik und Seelsorge durch und reformierte die Klöster nach der Regel Benedikts (um 480- 547). Bei Theodors Tod gab es 15 Diözesen, die sich über ganz England erstreckten.15

Nach neunzigjähriger Bekehrungsarbeit hatte ganz England das Christentum – wenn auch oft nur oberflächlich – angenommen. Im 8. Jahrhundert gab es hier nur noch einheimischen Klerus. Die allmähliche Entwicklung des Pfarrwesens war ein wesentlicher Aspekt der weiteren Kirchengeschichte.



11





Für mehr als ein Jahrhundert blieben jedoch die Klöster die maßgebenden Bildungsträger. Aus ihrer Tätigkeit entfaltete sich schon im 7. Jahrhundert mit dem Schwerpunkt in Northumbria eine erste angelsächsisch-christliche Kulturblüte. Hier entstanden um 700 die Evangelien von Lindisfarne mit ihren berühmten Buchmalereien; hier schrieb Beda zu Beginn des 8. Jahrhunderts seine Werke.16

Das Bild von England, das Beda am Ende seiner Historia (Kapitel 23) malt, ist trotz der Erwähnung der bestehenden Feindschaft zwischen Germanen und Kelten positiv. Es herrsche Frieden und Wohlstand in Northumbrien.

Bedas Initiative machte die Domschule von York zu einem Mittelpunkt griechischer Bildung. Hier wurde zum Beispiel Alkuin erzogen, der das Griechische in das Frankenreich, an den Hof Karls des Großen (747 oder 748 – 814) hinübertrug. 782 übernahm Alkuin die Leitung der Hofschule zu Aachen. „Der größte Erfolg gelang ihm [=Karl dem Großen], als er den Bedeutendsten und Gebildetsten der damaligen Zeit gewinnen konnte: Alkuin von York.“17



12





Beda ist der früheste europäische Gelehrte, von dem es heißt, er habe Hebräischkenntnisse besessen; wahrscheinlich waren sie rudimentär.18 Das Griechische beherrschte er – wie eine Reihe anderer englischer und irischer Gelehrter, die er erwähnt – und verwendete beide Sprachen für seine exegetischen Studien.

Bedas Griechischkenntnisse kamen wohl über Benedict Biscop, den Begleiter des Erzbischofs Theodor von Canterbury, eines griechisch-syrischen Mönchs, nach Wearmouth und Jarrow. Auf jeden Fall hat Theodor griechische wie lateinische Texte aus Rom und Neapel für seine Bibliothek in Canterbury beschafft. Bei dem zumeist engen Verbund der klösterlichen Bibliotheken und Schreibschulen war es für Beda daher möglich, von dort griechische Bücher zu besorgen und sich somit Griechischkenntnisse anzueignen.19



13





Der Lateinunterricht war es, der die Grundlage für die Entwicklung einer Schriftsprache des Englischen lieferte. Beda verfasste Lehrbücher für den Gebrauch in der Klosterschule zu Jarrow, etwa die stringent gegliederte und wegen ihrer begrifflichen Präzision auch heute noch nützliche Schrift De Arte Metrica et De Schematibus et Tropis, eine Einführung in das Schreiben lateinischer Dichtung in verschiedenen Versmaßen, gefolgt von der Lehre von den Stilfiguren, unterschieden nach σχήματα und τρόπoι. Die Metrik erläutert er anhand von Versen aus einer Vielzahl antiker Quellen, die Stilfiguren ausschließlich mit Beispielen aus der gesamten Bibel.20

Am bemerkenswertesten ist jedoch Bedas Haltung zum Englischen, zur lingua Anglorum, die er – „ganz in der kirchlich-lateinischen Welt seines Klosters beheimatet“22 – ohne Scheu als den klassischen Sprachen gleichrangig betrachtet.



14





Drei Sprachen, so die in der spätantiken und frühchristlichen Literatur dominierende Vorstellung, seien dazu berufen, die Inhalte der christlichen Religion wiederzugeben: die linguae sacrae, Hebräisch, Griechisch und Latein.

Beda berichtet von dem Bischof (praesul) Tobias von Rochester in Kent, dieser sei „Latina, Graeca et Saxonica lingua atque eruditione multipliciter instructu[s]“ gewesen (V,8), und Beda selbst, so berichtet sein Schüler Cuthbert, sei nicht nur mit der englischen Dichtung vertraut gewesen, „doctus in nostris carminibus“,23 sondern habe bis zu seinem Todestag an einer – uns nicht erhaltenen – Übersetzung des Johannesevangeliums ins Englische gearbeitet: „in nostram linguam ad utilitatem ecclesiae convertit”.24



15





Bedas Haltung zum Englischen kommt auch deutlich in der Schilderung Caedmons (IV, 24) zum Ausdruck. Er ist der erste uns mit Namen bekannte englische Dichter. Im Bereich des Epos hatten die angelsächsischen Sieger der Schlachten gegen die Kelten keine literarische Gestaltung ihrer Taten hinterlassen – im Gegensatz zu den Besiegten mit ihren Geschichten der Artus-Sage.

Caedmon war ein Viehhirte aus Whitby in Yorkshire, der nie dichterisches Talent besessen hatte, bis er durch göttliche Inspiration – jemand (quidam) erschien ihm im Traum und lehrte ihn einen englischsprachigen Hymnus – zum Dichter wurde. Hatte er vorher die bei Festen reihum gereichte Harfe des Liedersängers abgelehnt, so wurde er jetzt zum Verfasser religiöser Gedichte.

Ins Kloster aufgenommen dichtete er über biblische Themen, die ihm seine Mitbrüder vorschlugen. Sie übersetzten Passagen für ihn ins Englische, die er dann, einem wiederkäuenden Tier vergleichbar, in Versparaphrasen umformte:



16




Hier überliefert Beda uns den Geburtsmoment der englischen Dichtung, der ältesten Nationalliteratur Europas nach der Antike.

Er zögert nicht, den klassischen Sprachen die eigene, das Englische, in einem Atemzug gleichrangig zur Seite zu stellen. Beda umreißt den Inhalt des Hymnus Caedmons: dieser sei ein Lobpreis auf den Schöpfergott. In radikalem Gegensatz zu antiken Vorurteilen gegen ‚barbarische’ Sprachen fügt er nun – „das ist die geradezu provokative Tendenz in Bedas Erzählung“25 – hinzu, die spezifische Schönheit des von Caedmons gelernten Hymnus sei nur im englischen Original anzutreffen, nicht in einer Übersetzung ins Lateinische – lost in translation!



17





„Das ist der Sinn, nicht aber die genaue Reihenfolge der Worte, die er im Schlaf sang: Denn Gedichte, wie perfekt sie auch verfasst sein mögen, können nicht Wort für Wort aus einer in eine andere Sprache übersetzt werden, ohne dass ihre Schönheit und Würde Schaden nähmen. Als er aber aufstand, konnte er sich an alles, was er gesungen hatte, erinnern und fügte diesem Lied, das Gottes würdig war, bald im selben Versmaß weitere Worte hinzu.“



18




Die singuläre Bedeutung der Szene für die Dichtung Nordeuropas hebt Klaus von See hervor:26

Der Caedmon-Hymnus

 

19









LITERATUR







Bede, Historical Works (Loeb Classical Library), zwei Bände, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London 1930, (Nachdr.) 2006.

Bede, Libri II De Arte Metrica et de Schematibus et Tropis, mit englischer Übersetzung, hrsg. von Calvin B. Kendall, Bibliotheca Germanica, Series Nova, Vol. 2, Saarbrücken 1991.De re publica. Vom Gemeinwesen. Lat./Deutsch, hrsg. von K. Büchner, Stuttgart (Reclam) 1979.

Baedae Opera Historica I, hrsg. von Charles Plummer, Oxford 1896.

Bradley, Sid A. J. (hg.), Anglo-Saxon Poetry, 2. Aufl., London and Melbourne 1987.


Sekundärliteratur:

Bosl, Karl, Gesellschaft im Aufbruch, Die Welt des Mittelalters und ihre Menschen, Regensburg 1991.

Evans, Ifor, A Short History of English Literature, Harmondsworth 1971.

Kluxen, Kurt, Geschichte Englands, 4. Aufl., Stuttgart 1991.

Koziol, Herbert, Grundzüge der Geschichte der englischen Sprache, Darmstadt 1967.

Mihelic, Joseph L., in: „The Study of Hebrew in England“, Journal of Bible and Religion 14, Nr. 2, Mai 1946, S. 94-100.

Parbury, Kathleen, Star from The North (Cover-Titel: Star of the North). The Life of the Venerable Bede, Newcastle upon Tyne 1973.

Prinz, Friedrich, Von Konstantin zu Karl dem Großen, Entfaltung und Wandel Europas, Düsseldorf und Zürich 2000.

Richter, Michael, Irland im Mittelalter. Kultur und Geschichte, Münster/Hamburg/London 2003.

Sadgrove, Michael, Landscapes of faith. The Christian heritage of the North East, London 2013.

Tugene, Georges, L’image de la nation anglaise dans l’Histoire Ecclésiastique de Bède le Vénérable, Straßburg 2001.

vonSee, Klaus, „Das Frühmittelalter als Epoche der europäischen Literaturgeschichte“ in: Neues Handbuch der Literaturwissenschaft, Band 6, Europäisches Frühmittelalter, hrsg. von Klaus von See, Wiesbaden 1985, S. 5-70.

Ward SLG, Benedicta, The Venerable Bede, London/New York (1990) 2002.

Weber, Gerd Wolfgang, „Altenglische Literatur: volkssprachliche Renaissance einer frühmittelalterlichen christlichen Latinität“ in: Neues Handbuch der Literaturwissenschaft, Band 6, Europäisches Frühmittelalter, hrsg. von Klaus von See, Wiesbaden 1985, S. 277-316.

Weinfurter, Stefan, Karl der Große. Der heilige Barbar, München/Zürich 2013.

Wurm, Christoph, „Die Sprachen des Beda Venerabilis“ in: Forum Classicum 4/2012, S. 290-296.







REFERENZ


Dieser Aufsatz befindet sich auf Folium III, 2026 I, von The Carolingian, und besteht aus 19 Schnitten (sections). Für Referenzzwecke wird folgende Zitiermethode mit Beispielen empfohlen:

Nachname, Vorname: Titel (The Carolingian, Ausgabe, Folium, Schnitt, Link), Besichtigungszeit.

Vollständig: Wurm, Christoph: Lost in Translation: Beda, Caedmon und die Anfänge der englischen Dichtung (The Carolingian 2026 I, fol. III, sec. 12-13: thecarolingian.com/c26.html#f3), Aug. 2026.

Abgekürzt: Wurm, TC 2026 I, f-III s-12-13 hic, Aug. 2026.














Folium IV, 2026 I





Ishi from Nagasaki

BETWEEN THE ART OF PERFORMANCE
AND THE CRUELTY OF TRAUMA

Heiner Thiessen


Ishi from Nagasaki

ESSAY



We were still in the spring of our life. Late spring perhaps. The world around us was young and we were still without children. Life was fascinating in vibrant and affluent Hamburg, that had been beautifully rebuilt after near total war time destruction. I was very aware of the gradual transformation from gaping ruins everywhere towards a new skyline with all major churches and steeples having been restored, creating a wonderful cityscape between the big lake and the river. Hamburg seemed to be bursting with new life.

But it was also the time of yet another horrific war, this time at the other end of the world in Vietnam. American aircraft were dropping napalm bombs on entire villages, burning people alive. Naked children running from the fire. It was a time of massive anti-American demonstrations throughout the world. Why were they in Vietnam at all? Many Americans refused to serve



1




and left their country. The atmosphere was highly charged. The US boxer Cassius Clay suddenly called himself Mohamed Ali, converted to Islam and was arrested for draft evasion, as he refused to fight in Vietnam. ‘Nobody over there ever called me a nigger’. The US mainstream media labelled him and many other objectors as unpatriotic draft dodgers. Mohamed Ali’s conscientious refusal almost cost him his boxing career.

We had received complimentary tickets for a show of Japanese performance art in a disused factory in downtown Hamburg. One could only access the assembly hall via a metal fire escape on the outside of the building. The interior on the top floor had been transformed into a makeshift theatre. But it had a weird and spooky ambience with recycled tombstones serving as table tops. There was no electricity, only candelabra candlelight. The atmosphere



2




was eerie, rebellious and long haired. The smell of cannabis hung heavily in the air. The tickets had come my way because I worked at the Japanese Consulate General. Did I wear a suit and tie that evening? The counterculture had started to create their own platforms. It was not an environment I felt particularly comfortable in. But this was practically a work assignment and I would have to report back to the Consulate the following morning.

And then suddenly there is Ishi, the performer. A tall and wiry Japanese male of perhaps thirty years. To the sound of soft shakuhachi music he enters centre stage, standing in a slightly raised space in the middle of the large factory hall. Were the windows broken or cracked? It all seemed deliberately shabby. Ishi enters in a samurai outfit holding a ceremonial sword. His long hair is tied



3


Araki Kodō III, 残月 (一), Zangetsu I. Composition: Minezaki Mojo (18th century); Shakuhachi: Araki Kodou III; Shamisen: Kiku Fukuda; Koto: Tou Kawata – Source, 1929, PD.




back, samurai style. He looks somber and stares at the audience all around him. His gaze is filled with silent contempt and disapproval. The place falls silent within that one second. The man clearly has charisma. I remember it with great clarity, although it is almost fifty years ago. The revolutionary atmosphere has evaporated just like that. It needed only one pair of eyes in a dimly lit room to achieve that.

Ishi disrobes ceremonially and finally stands there like a sumo wrestler, although his physique is athletic and perhaps more reminiscent of Yukio Mishima, who had committed ritual harakiri only months before this evening. The news of the writer’s voluntary death had shaken the literary world. The silence and expectation in the auditorium is now tangible and almost audible. Ishi starts to apply a white body powder to cover his entire body,



4




all very slowly and ceremonially. The tension rises. Will he copy the final act of the Japanese poet Mishima in public and far away from his native Japan? In the end he stands in front of us, completely covered in white body paint. Only his long hair is still a shiny healthy black, reflecting the dim candlelight. His eyes seem more vulnerable now, as if gazing at the world from under a mask. It feels as if we have all arrived at another level of reality. An extraordinary transformation has taken place in front of our eyes. Anything seems possible at this moment.

The shakuhachi and koto music has been phased out and there is nothing now but silent expectation. Will he? Suddenly Ishi puts his right arm into a black container next to him, that has been almost invisible to the audience. And coming up again,



5




the sumo wrestler stands in front of us with a big live carp in his arms. The beautiful fish, a symbol of strength and perseverance in Ishi’s native Japan, is dripping wet and writhing, its mouth wide open in agony, clearly wanting to get back into its element.

But that is not to be, because Ishi, like an executioner, draws his samurai sword now and kills the fish in front of his audience, slicing it lengthwise from head to tail, and holding the dead fish, against his pale white body with blood now clearly running down his torso. To me this is gratuitous violence against one of God’s creatures, creating suffering for a purpose that is not obvious to anyone.

My blood pressure rises. I can hear my heart beating and I am just about to shout out at the top of my voice, when I hear someone else scream with total abandon and laying into the performer



6




with heartfelt anger: ‘You are a murderer, you should be ashamed of yourself.’ It is Diane. I have never ever seen her like this before but she is clearly enraged and deeply upset. ‘How dare you do a thing like this? Is this world not violent enough for you? Do you need to make things worse? Do you not have any sense of compassion?’

The audience are in shock. But strangely enough, their sentiment is not directed at Ishi. Surprisingly their eyes are on Diane. This female foreigner who dares to protest, who chose to speak English in this German setting and whose fathers and uncles have flown bombing raids against Hamburg and Dresden, Berlin and Cologne. The list is endless. These pilots had brought death and destruction only 25 years earlier. Some claimed that the death toll of this city alone had been greater than the one of Nagasaki. Many families



7




had been affected. And here is this English woman complaining about a mere fish. Incomprehension rules amongst the long haired revolutionaries. They side with Ishi, who wants to demonstrate the cruelty of this world, they say.

What happened in Vietnam with napalm and phosphorus bombs, they shout, that was an offence against humanity, not unlike the destruction of Hamburg in 1943 during the infamous operation Gomorrah. But this here was nothing but a carp. One single carp and the suffering of this single creature seems insignificant to them vis a vis those major disasters of war. The artist from Japan puts the dead carp into a basket and remains silent. His performance is not over yet. He looks at the audience with contempt and dries the carp’s blood off his chest. Then he puts on his samurai gown. Diane and I shout at this strange audience and their thoughtlessness,



8




but finally we stagger down the rusty fire escape, which seems very high and dangerous all of a sudden and then we drive home silently. I realise only then what a powerful woman is sitting next to me. She was not afraid to speak her mind, when she felt that an injustice had been committed.

We both knew that similar stage performances had taken place in proper mainstream theatres in major cities in Europe. A full-size pig had been butchered on stage only recently, somewhere in Switzerland to shake people out of their apathy towards the brutalities of the war waging in Indochina. How committing yet another act of cruelty in front of a ticketed audience should help with this endeavour is not entirely obvious.

The next day at work, I receive a phone call. It is Ishi. How had he found me? Was I the guy with the tie, who stood next to the angry lady? Ishi’s English is difficult but sincere. It is calm and thoughtful. He asks whether we could meet. A few days later we



9




meet him at the Academy of the Arts In Hamburg, where he is artist in residence. His sojourn had been organised by the Goethe Institute. He even has his own studio there, which is where we meet. Ishi is wearing a black T-shirt and jeans. He looks completely normal and one would never have expected a regular guy like him to be capable of such a striking, if shocking performance. He smiles at us. But it is a sheepish smile, tarnished by layers of consciousness which we cannot penetrate. Ishi offers us tea. We are almost in a Japanese tea ceremony. Calm and silent and stylised. Candles are burning. He speaks to Diane. You were the only person in the audience that evening showing a human heart. Silence. Diane does not respond. This is not the time for a heated argument. She sips her tea.

‘I have decided not to repeat that performance ever again. It does not change anything. It contributed to further violence. You helped me to understand that.’ Ishi is from Nagasaki. He knows what



10




wars can do to real people, including his own family. He was a young boy in August 1945, when these new bombs were dropped on his hometown after they had also fallen onto Hiroshima. He is scarred by the past, like the people of Hamburg and Coventry, London and Dresden.

He tells us that he is a dancer and that his performance the other night was in fact a dance. Would we like to attend his next performance in one hour’s time, here in the theatre of the Academy? We accept and leave the artist to collect himself for his entry. When the time comes, Ishi enters as a samurai again. He disrobes like before and applies the same body whitener as before. Is this going to be a repeat performance? This time though, he produces another type of cutting edge. It is an old fashioned barber’s razor and he opens it out very slowly, so that we can all see the slight



11




curvature of the long and shining blade. He dances with the sharp instrument in front of a huge circular paper screen. It seems as if he is looking for objects he can cut his sharp razor into.

Then, my worst fears come true, because Ishi, with great theatricality, suddenly makes a long cut into the front of his torso, down the centre of his chest, so that his very own blood begins to run down his whitened front and finally down his legs. All this, while he dances to traditional koto music. Is this the wounded boy from Nagasaki? Is he trying to exorcise the past horrors by facing them again? Perhaps for a last time? Having overcome the initial shock of what has just happened, I notice something equally unsettling . Ishi’s impenetrable face has lost its formal samurai defences. He looks like himself now and his eyes seem unnaturally red, almost swimming. Ishi dances on with his sharp



12




blade looking for something else to cut into. There is tension and compassion in the air, because Ishi has become a frightened child now. He seems to be fighting his emotions. Something is happening for him that we cannot see. He suddenly seems like a little boy, orphaned perhaps, lost in a world that is too harsh for him. But despite all this, his moves remain studied, skilful and entirely intentional. He is fully in command of the physical side of his performance.

It seems like a moment of a heightened truth to me. Has the real man from Nagasaki finally broken through all his protective layers? Is he perhaps in a state of altered consciousness and strong enough to remove the mask and to reveal his vulnerability to this inclement world? Are these real salty tears or is this an act? It seems to me that it is not the physical pain of his cuts that is moving him



13




so powerfully, because his dance steps remain strong and purposeful. Can you rehearse something like this or is he suddenly overcome by genuine emotion? It will remain a mystery. Is it about the nature of this world he has been born into, without having been asked? Alas, to be born into the sheer inevitable tragedy of it all? Like in a Greek drama? Why is there this attraction to sharp edges, this fascination with cutting blades, this longing to kill or to harm, even your very own torso? Is there a yearning for a time before these bombs descended, or a deep longing for death, for the soothing fading of the survivor? How deep is the inner awareness that these bombs will never stop falling, neither in his own head nor on other cities in other lands for reasons not yet invented?

I shall never know with any degree of certainty, but Ishi keeps showing his pain silently while continuing with his dance to koto music. His controlled vulnerability moves me. After all,



14




he is like everybody else on this floating planet. A true member of the family of man. And then quite unexpectedly and with one long jump he heads towards the diaphanous paper-circle centre stage, that is wider in diameter than his arm span. And while he is mid-air with his arms ahead of him, he unbelievably cuts a half moon with his razor into the white rice paper. It makes a remarkably violent sound, while Ishi flies through the screen, which apart from the zen-like half circle remains miraculously unblemished. What an exit.

Everyone is speechless. There is a long silence in the audience. No applause, no noisy discussion ensues either. Just wordless empathy for an astonishing performance of a scarred fellow human. People stand. We are all of the same generation, having grown up in smoky ruins that carried the memories and the screams of those who perished inside.














Folium V, 2026 I





Deo Proslogion

QVOD VERE SIT DEVS
NEC POSSIT COGITARI NON ESSE

Anselmus Cantuariensis


Proslogion

EXTRACT



I. Excitatio mentis ad contemplandum Deum

Eia, nunc homuncio, fuge paululum occupationes tuas, absconde te modicum a tumultuosis cogitationibus tuis. Abice nunc onerosas curas, et postpone laboriosas distentiones tuas. Vaca aliquantulum Deo, et requiesce aliquantulum in eo. “Intra in cubiculum” [Mt 6,6] mentis tuae, exclude omnia praeter Deum et quae te iuvent ad quaerendum eum, et “clauso ostio” [Mt 6,6] quaere eum. Dic nunc, totum “cor meum”, dic nunc Deo: “Quaero vultum tuum, vultum tuum, Domine, requiro” [Ps 26,8].

Eia nunc ergo tu, Domine Deus meus, doce cor meum ubi et quomodo quaerat, ubi et quomodo te inveniat. Domine, si hic non es, ubi te quaeram absentem? Si autem ubique es, Cur non video praesentem? Sed certe habitas “lucem inaccessibilem” [1 Tim 6,16]. Et ubi est lux inaccessibilis? Aut quomodo accedam ad lucem inaccessibilem? Aut quis ducet et inducet in illam,



1




ut videam te in illa? Deinde quibus signis, qua facie te quaeram? Numquam te vidi, Domine Deus meus, non novi faciem tuam. Quid faciet, altissime Domine, quid faciet iste tuus longinquus exsul? Quid faciet servus tuus, anxius amore tui et longe “proiectus a facie tua” [Ps 50,13]? Anhelat videre te et nimis abest illi facies tua. Accedere ad te desiderat et inaccessibilis est habitatio tua. Invenire te cupit et nescit locum tuum. Quaerere te affectat et ignorat vultum tuum. Domine, Deus meus es et Dominus meus es et numquam te vidi. Tu me fecisti et refecisti et omnia bona tu mihi contulisti et nondum novi te. Denique ad te videndum factus sum et nondum feci, propter quod factus sum.

O misera sors hominis, cum hoc perdidit, ad quod factus est! O durus et dirus casus ille! Heu, quid perdidit et quid invenit, quid abscessit et quid remansit! Perdidit beatitudinem,



2




ad quam factus est, et invenit miseriam, propter quod factus non est. Abscessit, sine quo nihil felix est, et remansit, quod per se non nisi miserum est. “Manducabat tunc homo panem angelorum”[Ps 77,25], quem nunc esurit manducat nunc “panem dolorum” [Ps 126,2], quem tunc nesciebat. Heu publicus luctus hominum, universalis planctus filiorum Adae! Ille ructabat saturitate, nos suspiramus esurie. Ille abundabat, nos mendicamus. Ille feliciter tenebat et misere deseruit, nos infeliciter egemus et miserabiliter desideramus. Et heu, vacui remanemus! Cur non nobis custodivit, cum facile posset, quo tam graviter careremus? Quare sic nobis obseravit lucem et obduxit nos tenebris? Ut quid nobis abstulit vitam et inflixit mortem? Aerumnosi, unde sumus expulsi, quo sumus impulsi! Unde praecipitati, quo obruti! A patria in exsilium, a visione Dei in caecitatem nostram. A iucunditate immortalitatis in amaritudinem et horrorem mortis. Misera mutatio! De quanto bono in quantum malum! Grave damnum, gravis dolor, grave totum!



3




Sed heu me miserum, unum de aliis miseris filiis Evae elongatis a Deo! Quid incepi, quid effeci? Quo tendebam, quo deveni? Ad quid aspirabam, in quibus suspiro? “Quaesivi bona et ecce turbatio” [Ps 121,9; Jer 14,19]! Tendebam in Deum et offendi in me ipsum. Requiem quaerebam in secreto meo et “tribulationem et dolorem inveni” [Ps 114,3] in intimis meis. Volebam ridere a gaudio mentis meae et cogor “rugire a gemitu cordis mei” [Ps 37,9]. Sperabatur laetitia et ecce, unde densentur suspiria!

Et o “tu, Domine, usquequo? Usquequo, Domine, oblivisceris nos, usquequo avertis faciem tuam a nobis”? Quando “respicies et exaudies” nos? Quando “illuminabis oculos” nostros et “ostendes” [Ps 6,4; Ps 12,1-4] nobis “faciem tuam” [Ps 79,4.8]? Quando restitues te nobis? Respice, Domine, exaudi, illumina nos, ostende nobis teipsum. Restitue te nobis, ut bene sit nobis, sine



4




quo tam male est nobis. Miserare labores et conatus nostros ad te, qui nihil valemus sine te. Invita nos, “adiuva” nos [Ps 78,9]. Obsecro, Domine, ne desperem suspirando, sed respirem sperando. Obsecro, Domine, amaricatum est cor meum sua desolatione, indulca illud tua consolatione. Obsecro, Domine, esuriens incepi quaerere te, ne desinam ieiunus de te. Famelicus accessi, ne recedam impastus. Pauper veni ad divitem, miser ad misericordem, ne redeam vacuus et contemptus. Et si “antequam comedam, suspiro” [Iob 3,24], da vel post suspiria quod comedam. Domine, incurvatus non possum nisi deorsum aspicere; erige me, ut possim sursum intendere. “Iniquitates meae supergressae caput meum” obvolvunt me, “et sicut onus grave” [Ps 37,5] gravant me. Evolve me, exonera me, ne “urgeat puteus” earum “os suum super me” [Ps 68,16]. Liceat mihi suspicere lucem tuam, vel de longe, vel de profundo. Doce me quaerere te et ostende te quaerenti; quia nec quaerere te possum, nisi tu doceas, nec invenire, nisi te ostendas. Quaeram te desiderando, desiderem quaerendo. Inveniam amando, amem inveniendo.



5




Fateor, Domine, et gratias ago, quia creasti in me hanc “imaginem tuam” [Gen 1,27], ut tui memor te cogitem, te amem. Sed sic est abolita attritione vitiorum, sic offuscata fumo peccatorum, ut non possit facere, ad quod facta est, nisi tu renoves et reformes eam. Non tento, Domine, penetrare altitudinem tuam, quia nullatenus comparo illi intellectum meum; sed desidero aliquatenus intelligere veritatem tuam, quam credit et amat cor meum. Neque enim quaero intelligere ut credam, sed credo ut intelligam. Nam et hoc credo: quia “nisi credidero, non intelligam” [Is 7,9].

II. Quod vere sit Deus

Ergo Domine, qui das fidei intellectum, da mihi, ut, quantum scis expedire, intelligam, quia es sicut credimus, et hoc es quod credimus. Et quidem credimus te esse aliquid quo nihil maius cogitari possit. An ergo non est aliqua talis natura,



6




quia “dixit insipiens in corde suo: non est Deus” [Ps 13,1; 52,1]? Sed certe ipse idem insipiens, cum audit hoc ipsum quod dico: ‘aliquid quo maius nihil cogitari potest’, intelligit quod audit; et quod intelligit, in intellectu eius est, etiam si non intelligat illud esse. Aliud enim est rem esse in intellectu, alium intelligere rem esse. Nam cum pictor praecogitat quae facturus est, habet quidem in intellectu, sed nondum intelligit esse quod nondum fecit. Cum vero iam pinxit, et habet in intellectu et intelligit esse quod iam fecit. Convincitur ergo etiam insipiens esse vel in intellectu aliquid quo nihil maius cogitari potest, quia hoc, cum audit, intelligit, et quidquid intelligitur, in intellectu est.

Et certe id quo maius cogitari nequit, non potest esse in solo intellectu. Si enim vel in solo intellectu est, potest cogitari esse et in re; quod maius est. Si ergo id quo maius cogitari non potest, est in solo intellectu: id ipsum quo maius cogitari non potest,



7




est quo maius cogitari potest. Sed certe hoc esse non potest. Existit ergo procul dubio aliquid quo maius cogitari non valet, et in intellectu et in re.

III. Quod non possit cogitari non esse

Quod utique sic vere est, ut nec cogitari possit non esse. Nam potest cogitari esse aliquid, quod non possit cogitari non esse; quod maius est quam quod non esse cogitari potest. Quare si id quo maius nequit cogitari, potest cogitari non esse: id ipsum quo maius cogitari nequit, non est id quo maius cogitari nequit; quod convenire non potest. Sic ergo vere est aliquid quo maius cogitari non potest, ut nec cogitari possit non esse.

Et hoc es tu, Domine Deus noster. Sic ergo vere es, Domine, Deus meus, ut nec cogitari possis non esse. Et merito. Si enim aliqua mens posset cogitare aliquid melius te, ascenderet creatura



8




super creatorem et iudicaret de creatore; quod valde est absurdum. Et quidem quidquid est aliud praeter te solum, potest cogitari non esse. Solus igitur verissime omnium et ideo maxime omnium habes esse, quia quidquid aliud est, non sic vere, et idcirco minus habet esse. Cur itaque “dixit insipiens in corde suo: non est Deus” [Ps 13,1; 52,1], cum tam in promptu sit rationali menti te maxime omnium esse? Cur, nisi quia stultus et insipiens?

IV. Quomodo insipiens dixit in corde, quod cogitari non potest

Verum quomodo dixit in corde quod cogitare non potuit; aut quomodo cogitare non potuit quod dixit in corde, cum idem sit dicere in corde et cogitare? Quod si vere, immo quia vere et cogitavit, quia dixit in corde, et non dixit in corde, quia cogitare non potuit: non uno tantum modo dicitur aliquid in corde et cogitatur. Aliter enim cogitatur re, cum vox eam significans cogitatur, aliter



9




cum id ipsum quod res est intelligitur. Illo itaque modo potest cogitari Deus non esse, isto vero minime. Nullus quippe intelligens id quod Deus est, potest cogitare quia Deus non est, licet haec verba dicat in corde, aut sine ulla aut cum aliqua extranea significatione. Deus enim est id quo maius cogitari non potest. Quod qui bene intelligit, utique intelligit id ipsum sic esse, ut nec cogitatione queat non esse. Qui ergo intelligit sic esse Deum, nequit eum non esse cogitare.

Gratias tibi, bone Domine, gratias tibi, quia quod prius credidi te donante, iam sic intelligo te illuminante, ut, si te esse nolim credere, non possim non intelligere.

V. Quod Deus sit quidquid melius est esse quam non esse: et solus existens per se omnia alia faciat de nihilo

Quid igitur es, Domine Deus, quo nil maius valet cogitari? Sed quid es, nisi id quod summum omnium solum existens per seipsum, omnia alia fecit de nihilo? Quidquid enim hoc non est,



10




minus est quam cogitari possit. Sed hoc de te cogitari non potest. Quod ergo bonum deest summo bono, per quod est omne bonum? Tu es itaque iustus, verax, beatus, et quidquid melius est esse quam non esse. Melius namque est esse iustum quam non iustum, beatum quam non beatum.

VI. Quomodo sit sensibilis, cum non sit corpus

Verum cum melius sit esse sensibilem, omnipotentem, misericordem, impassibilem quam non esse: quomodo es sensibilis, si non es corpus; aut omnipotens, si omnia non potes; aut misericors simul et impassibilis? Nam si sola corporea sunt sensibilia, quoniam sensus circa corpus et in corpore sunt: quomodo es sensibilis, cum non sis corpus, sed summus spiritus, qui corpore melior est?

Sed si sentire non nisi cognoscere aut non nisi ad cognoscendum est qui enim sentit cognoscit secundum sensuum proprietatem,



11




ut per visum colores, per gustum sapores : non inconvenienter dicitur aliquo modo, sentire quidquid aliquo modo cognoscit. Ergo, Domine, quamvis non sis corpus, vere tamen eo modo summe sensibilis es, quo summe omnia cognoscis, non quo animal corporeo sensu cognoscit.

VII. Quomodo sit omnipotens, cum multa non possit

Sed et omnipotens quomodo es, si omnia non potes? Aut si non potes corrumpi nec mentiri nec facere verum esse falsum, ut quod factum est non esse factum, et plura similiter: quomodo potes omnia?

An haec posse non est potentia, sed impotentia? Nam qui haec potest quod sibi non expedit et quod non debet potest. Quae quanto magis potest, tanto magis adversitas et perversitas possunt in illum et ipse minus contra illas. Qui ergo sic potest, non potentia potest, sed impotentia. Non enim ideo dicitur posse, quia ipse possit,



12




sed quia sua impotentia facit aliud in se posse; sive aliquo alio genere loquendi, sicut multa improprie dicuntur. Ut cum ponimus ‘esse’ pro ‘non esse’, et ‘facere’ pro eo quod est ‘non facere’, aut pro ‘nihil facere’. Nam saepe dicimus ei, qui rem aliquam esse negat: sic est, quemadmodum dicis esse; cum magis proprie videatur dici: sic non est quemadmodum dicis non esse. Item dicimus: iste sedet, sicut ille facit, aut: iste quiescit, sicut ille facit; cum ‘sedere’ sit quiddam non facere et ‘quiescere’ sit nihil facere. Sic itaque, cum dicitur habere potentiam faciendi aut patiendi quod sibi non expedit aut quod non debet, impotentia intelligitur per potentiam; quia quo plus habet hanc potentiam, eo adversitas et perversitas in illum sunt potentiores, et ille contra eas impotentior. Ergo, Domine Deus, inde verius et omnipotens, quia nihil potes per impotentiam, et nihil potest contra te.



13




VIII. Quomodo sit misericors et impassibilis

Sed et misericors simul et impassibilis quomodo es? Nam si es impassibilis, non compateris; si non compateris, non est tibi miserum cor ex compassione miseri, quod est esse misericordem. At si non es misericors, unde miseris est tanta consolatio?

Quomodo ergo es et non es misericors, Domine, nisi quia es misericors secundum nos, et non es secundum te? Es quippe secundum nostrum sensum, et non es secundum tuum. Etenim cum tu respicis nos miseros, nos sentimus misericordis effectum, tu non sentis affectum. Et misericors es igitur, quia misericors salvas et peccatoribus tuis parcis; et misericors non es, quia nulla miseriae compassione afficeris.



14




IX. Quomodo totus iustus es et summe iustus parcat malis, et quod iuste misereatur malis

Verum malis quomodo parcis, si es totus iustus et summe iustus? Quomodo enim totus et summe iustus facit aliquid non iustum? Aut quae iustitia est merenti mortem aeternam dare vitam sempiternam? Unde ergo, bone Deus, bone bonis et malis, unde tibi salvare malos, si hoc non est iustum, et tu facis aliquid non iustum?

An quia bonitas tua est incomprehensibilis, latet hoc in “luce inaccessibili quam habitas” [1 Tim 6,16]? Vere in altissimo et secretissimo bonitatis tuae latet fons, unde manat fluvius misericordiae tuae. Nam cum totus et summe iustus sis, tamen idcirco etiam malis benignus es, quia totus summe bonus es. Minus namque bonus esses, si nulli malo esses benignus. Melior est enim qui et bonis et malis bonus est, quam qui bonis tantum est bonus. Et melior est, qui malis et puniendo et parcendo est bonus,



15




quam qui puniendo tantum. Ideo ergo misericors es, quia totus et summe bonus es. Et cum forsitan videatur, cur bonis bona et malis mala retribuas, illud certe penitus est mirandum, cur tu totus iustus et nullo egens malis et reis tuis bona tribuas. O altitudo bonitatis tuae, Deus! Et videtur, unde sis misericors, et non pervidetur. Cernitur, unde flumen manat, et non perspicitur fons, unde nascatur. Nam et de plenitudine bonitatis est, quia peccatoribus tuis pius es; et in altitudine bonitatis latet, qua ratione hoc es. Etenim licet bonis bona et malis mala ex bonitate retribuas, ratio tamen iustitiae hoc postulare videtur. Cum vero malis bona tribuis: et scitur, quia summe bonus hoc facere voluit, et mirum est, cur summe iustus hoc velle potuit.

O misericordia, de quam opulenta dulcedine et dulci opulentia nobis profluis! O immensitas bonitatis Dei, quo affectu amanda es peccatoribus! Iustos enim salvas iustitia comitante;



16




istos vero liberas iustitia damnante. Illos meritis adiuvantibus, istos meritis repugnantibus. Illos bona, quae dedisti, cognoscendo, istos mala, quae odisti, ignoscendo. O immensa bonitas, quae sic omnem intellectum excedis, veniat super me misericordia illa, quae de tanta opulentia tui procedit! Influat in me, quae profluit de te. Parce per clementiam, ne ulciscaris per iustitiam.

Nam etsi difficile sit intelligere, quomodo misericordia tua non absit a tua iustitia, necessarium tamen est credere, quia nequaquam adversatur quod exundat ex bonitate, quae nulla est sine iustitia, immo vere concordat iustitiae. Nempe si misericors es, quia es summe bonus, et summe bonus non es, nisi quia es summe iustus: vere idcirco es misericors, quia summe iustus es.

Adiuva me, iuste et misericors Deus, cuius lucem quaero, adiuva me, ut intelligam quod dico. Vere ergo ideo misericors es, quia iustus.



17




Ergone misericordia tua nascitur ex iustitia tua? Ergone parcis malis ex iustitia? Si sic est, Domine, si sic est, doce me quomodo est. An quia iustum est te sic esse bonum, ut nequeas intelligi melior, et sic potenter operari, ut non possis cogitari potentius? Quid enim hoc iustius? Hoc utique non fieret, si esses bonus tantum retribuendo et non parcendo, et si faceres de non bonis tantum bonos et non etiam de malis. Hoc itaque modo iustum est ut parcas malis, et ut facias bonos de malis. Denique quod non iuste fit, non debet fieri; et quod non debet fieri, iniuste fit. Si ergo non iuste malis misereris, non debes misereri; et si non debes misereri, iniuste misereris. Quod si nefas est dicere, fas est credere te iuste misereri malis.

X. Quomodo iuste puniat et iuste parcat malis

Sed iustum est, ut malos punias. Quid namque iustius, quam ut boni bona et mali mala recipiant? Quomodo ergo et iustum est ut malos punias, et iustum est ut malis parcas?



18




An alio modo iuste punis malos, et alio modo iuste parcis malis? Cum enim punis malos, iustum est, quia illorum meritis convenit; cum vero parcis malis, iustum est, non quia illorum meritis, sed quia bonitati tuae condecens est. Nam parcendo malis ita iustus es secundum te et non secundum nos, sicut misericors es secundum nos et non secundum te. Quoniam salvando nos, quos iuste perderes, sicut misericors es, non quia tu sentias affectum, sed quia nos sentimus effectum: ita iustus es, non quia nobis reddas debitum, sed quia facis quod decet te summe bonum. Sic itaque sine repugnantia iuste punis et iuste parcis.

XI. Quomodo universae viae Domini misericordia et veritas, et tamen iustus Dominus in omnibus viis suis

Sed numquid etiam non est iustum secundum te, Domine, ut malos punias? Iustum quippe est te sic esse iustum, ut iustior nequeas cogitari. Quod nequaquam esses, si tantum bonis



19




bona et non malis mala redderes. Iustior enim est qui et bonis et malis, quam qui bonis tantum merita retribuit. Iustum igitur est secundum te, iuste et benigne Deus, et cum punis et cum parcis. Vere igitur “universae viae Domini misericordia et veritas” et tamen “iustus Dominus in omnibus viis suis” [Ps 22,10; 144,17]. Et utique sine repugnantia; quia quos vis punire, non est iustum salvari, et quibus vis parcere, non est iustum damnari. Nam id solum iustum est quod vis et non iustum quod non vis. Sic ergo nascitur de iustitia tua misericordia tua, quia iustum est te sic esse bonum, ut et parcendo sis bonus. Et hoc est forsitan, cur summe iustus potest velle bona malis. Sed si utcumque capi potest, cur malos potes velle salvare: illud certe nulla ratione comprehendi potest, cur de similibus malis hos magis salves quam illos per summam bonitatem, et illos magis damnes quam istos per summam iustitiam.

Sic ergo vere es sensibilis, omnipotens, misericors et impassibilis, quemadmodum vivens, sapiens, bonus, beatus, aeternus, et quidem melius esse quam non esse.














The Carolingian – culture, arts, æsthetics



The Carolingian

The Carolingian | Culture, Arts, Humanities
European Forum of Cultural Debate

Director: Gregorius Advena
Enquiries: contact[@]thecarolingian.com


I. Terms of Use


You may subscribe to the digital versions of The Carolingian (online and portable) free of charge and peruse its material on the web. You may also quote from The Carolingian for academic and educational purposes.

Links to websites other than those owned by The Carolingian are offered as a service to readers. The Carolingian was not involved in their production and is not responsible for their content.


II. Privacy



Your e-mail will be added to our mailing list and receive notifications about new issues of The Carolingian.


None. The list of subscribers is exclusively a list of e-mails. We do not store any further information about our subscribers.


Yes. We use a web analytics service to log and analyse the traffic to our website.

A Unique ID tracking cookie is used for the legitimate purpose (as per Art. 6, GDPR) of identifying unique visitors. No personal data are logged.


The list of e-mails is stored on a safe archive, with copies on different storage media, hardware and software, including a cloud and an external hard-drive, accessible exclusively to one list controller. You can contact the controller here.


No. Unless required by law, under no circumstances will The Carolingian share your e-mail with commercial or non-commercial third parties.


The Carolingian applies all reasonable measures to protect Personal Data against accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure or access.

In the unlikely event of a security breach leading to the accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure of, or access to any data (“Incident”), we will notify all subscribers, via registered e-mail address, of the Incident promptly and without undue delay, and take reasonable steps to minimise harm and secure our subscribers’ data. Our notification of or response to an Incident will not be construed as an acknowledgement of any fault or liability with respect to the Incident.


Your e-mail will be deleted from the mailing list within 48 hours and you will be notified once the process is completed.




III. Contribution


We welcome any editorial contribution in:

We also welcome any administrative contribution in:

We are always receptive to feedback. Your opinion is very important: Which debates would you like to read more often? What could The Carolingian do better?

We make every effort to proofread contents in any language. Despite all reasonable measures, our scrutiny is fallible. Please inform us if you see any spelling mistake or other error.



IV. Submissions


When proposing a submission, please state the field, language and type (see below) of your contribution. Please also add a short abstract. You will find below our scope of writing genres.


  I.   ARTICLES are pieces that make a scholarly contribution to a field of humanities. Articles may be peer-reviewed or editorial-reviewed.

  II.   ESSAYS are perspective pieces presenting a unique viewpoint on current topics of culture, art and humanities. They offer more room for audacity than a strict article.

  III.   LETTERS are essays of debate among researchers, academics and intellectuals. It is courteous to notify addressees before submitting open letters. The right of reply is warranted.

  IV.   REVIEWS are discussions on recent publications focusing on culture, art and humanities.

  V.   COMMENTARIES are extracts of classic works or sources relevant to a current debate on culture, art or humanities, presented and discussed critically.

  VI.   LITERATURE are texts of outstanding narrative prose, ideally touching on current topics of culture, art and humanities.



V. Subscription



By subscribing to The Carolingian you give your consent for your e-mail address to be safely stored in a subscribers’ list. The Carolingian will not share or sell your data to any commercial or non-commercial third parties.








© The Carolingian 2026 | Culture, Art, Humanities
European Forum of Cultural Debate | Literature, Articles, Essays
United Kingdom

INTERNET AS IT SHOULD BE