The Carolingian – culture, arts, æsthetics



The Bloo Bouk: A Legacy for the Future of English


Bloo Bouk
From Aldhelm to the present age between truth and myth, the Bloo Bouk survives as a remarkable testimony to the orthographic potential of English reconciling sound and tradition, an alternative path of beauty.




2025 I


Aetas Commoda: Incipit Novissima Aetas Media

Cum sententia est historiam sese repetere non creditur libertas gerendi, quod illa si semper manet, cursum temporum ne ista quidem mutat. Gregorius Advena


Der Fürst der Goliarden: Buntes aus dem Hochmittelalter

Hugo von Orléans (Hugo Aurelianus), der in der ersten Hälfte des 12. Jahrhunderts lebte, gilt als der bedeutendste Vertreter der Goliarden. Christoph Wurm


The Flaws of Metaphilosophy: An Ill-Thought Approach

The weariness of metaphilosophy is rightfully justified, as philosophy, an already uncertain endeavor, activity, or enterprise, is ripe with pregnant questions. Rex Eloquens


The Bloo Bouk: A Spelling Legacy for the Future of English

In an age where expression risks the twin perils of homogenisation and chaos, the Bloo Bouk emerges as an offering both radical and rooted. Emma de Morgon


The Carolingian 2024 II: Articles and Essays

The contributions from the last year are still available. This is a good chance to read them if you haven’t yet. The Carolingian








Folium II, 2025 I





Aetas Commoda

QUO MODO NOSTRVM TEMPVS
AETATI MEDIAE SIMILE SIT

Gregorius Advena


Aetas Commoda

ESSAY



Cum sententia est historiam sese repetere non creditur libertas gerendi, quod illa si semper manet, cursum temporum ne ista quidem mutat. Ubi vita putatur libera, res gestae quamquam similes videntur non sunt tamen eaedem. Sed nihil impedit quominus tempora compares ad similia quaerenda, quae cum res gestas non praebeant repetitas saepe aliquid ostendunt de moribus civium ac civitatum casu immutatis. Disputandum est aetas nostra ut nonnulli affirmant novissimum sit medium aevum necne. Quod nomen non est datum explicandorum temporum causa, sed potius tantummodo signum gestorum inter civitates antiquas et novam aetatem. Nullum nomen significet animum hominum unum per tam multa saecula, vero praeter modum esset inceptum etiam conari. Aevum medium aevum medio antiquorum novorumque, sive potius duarum



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more exculto aetatum quas tempus separavit insolitum barbarum secundum historicos qui nomen ei dederunt. Quod imperatore senatuque Romae absentibus homines diutissime etiam Romanos sese putabant, quodque Carolingii ac postea reges doctique Ecclesia iuvante litteras colebant antiquas, non considerant qui de temporibus obscuris loquuntur. Sed homo novae aetatis iam non erat antiquus, nam religione mutata mores, modus cogitandi commerciumque hominis cum natura sunt etiam mutata. Quamquam admiratio quaedam litterarum cultusque remoti apud magnam partem mansit, homo novus culta maiorum cum acciperet iam non pergebat gerere, quod si hoc conabatur res non proprias sed imitatas agebat. Natura quae antea putabatur secretum illustrandum, quoniam deorum potestas esset finita, postea



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ut opus Dei omnipotentis secretum quidem mansit sed investigatu minus digna, nam Deo res gerente satis sit pietate fide precibus voluntatem divam quaerere. Ubi antiqui meritum ac virtutem laudabant studiumque grave vitae fortissimae, novi indicabant gratiam Dei erga humiles peccatores fontem salutis. Corporis gaudiique iis pudebat dum prisci rebus beatis studebant in eo mundo, non post mortem. His praemissis non est mihi explanandum quod omnis homo apud fontes manifestos legat, de quibus iam multa sunt a nonnullis disputata quibusque nihil novi adducam, etsi veritas ultima etiam nihilo sententiae sapienti obstante demum desit.

Cum res gestae iam satis sint difficiles intellectu et a praeclaris historicis, sese aetate nostra gerentes ex se haud melius intelleguntur. Sicut disputatur quando aetas antiqua medium



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aevum fiat, ita incertum est tempus quo vitam agimus vere sitne nova aetas, nam comparato mediae aetatis initio cum novae, nostra similior videtur initio aetatis mediae. Commercium cum natura duabus causis iam non efficit sitim cognitionis, prima quia tam multa cognita patent tantaque commoditas assecuta ut paucis iam videatur ultra esse plura necesse exquirere. Deinde, quamvis curiositas etiam nunc adsit, instrumentum quaestionis iam non caret humana vi nec merito, nam quae olim modo res movebat machina nunc pro homine cogitat, quapropter instrumentum vitae commode gerendae fit ipsum finis vitae. Huc adde gravitatem maiorum amissam, nam nemo iam sine risu de virtute loquitur, nomine quod novissimos monet de superbia patrium, qui nuper sub specie meliorum morum civitatibus ubique orbis abutebantur nec bella



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impediebant, contra gerebant. Sed quod inceptum est ut impetum in maiorum mendacium finem habuit in contemptum erga omnes mores modosque cogitandi traditos. Damnantur omnia quae nuper erant signum aetatis dictae novae. Sitis sapientiae pars decoris erat etiam homini diviti ostendenda, tamquam ille Rockefeller divitissimus qui, quodcumque eum putas, speciem saltem gravitatis, virtutis, cognitionis cuiusdam quaerebat. Mutatis eo tempore moribus homines novi quo divitiores fiunt eo stultius sese habent, cum etiam Elon ille Musk divitiis nunc primus omnium non modo non vituperatur in verbis ac gestis pessimis, verum eo magis laudatur a multitudinibus omnis civitatis, cui viro causa plausui est quod numquam legit librum. Quaecumque est factio magistratus in re publica, quo minus litteras artes scientias colit eo magis



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eum populus admiratur, populus non ut antea omnibus privatus sed omnino commodus, nescius non quia desint opes sed sua sponte. Hi homines nihil communis habent cum aetate Leonardi.

Neque omnia, quoniam non repetitur historia, nostro tempore sunt similia primae aetati mediae. Tunc religio litteras antiquorum moresque plerumque servabat, nunc libertatem iuraque voluptaria novam iniquitatem dicit. Quamquam non iam multi Christiani sunt, magis magisque fideles scientiam artem dignitatem negant. Etiam Saraceni cum civitates ut Bagdad oppidum struebant fautores erant scientiae atque humanitatis, nunc osores. Cavendum est ne tamquam historici Romae prisci omnia nova corruptionem dicamus, quod instrumentum nunc vitae gerendae sane offert facultatem hominis erudiendi maiorem. Sed consilio aetatis cultae frustrato ipsa



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aetas nova collapsa est, nam non est consilium etiam optimum quod in venalia non mutetur, immo nemo est quin animadvertat novum instrumentum ingenii colendi merx factum ingenio pugnare. Quae manet aetas dicturus sum commodam, qua vita inculta commodis finitis infinite frui cupit. Tales cum sunt heredes civitatis, quales cives sint omnibus patet. Aliorum cura est vitam cum machinis ludisque agere, aliorum impedire gentem migrantem a re publica. Ius gentium post brevem speciem aequitatis inter populos rursus violatur. Commercium cum natura eam intellegere nolit, abutitur natura pro commoditate, dum pauci solliciti pauca gerunt. Novo instrumento, quo numquam facilius fuit loqui sine verbis cogitandis, oratio currit per orbem universum, sed omni cultu nobili abiecto novissimus homo fit commodus, irreverens, intolerans, violentus. Quod praetermittam, quoniam quaestio temporum pluribus



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eget quam iudicium morum. Qui mores cum raro boni sint, iudicibus nulla aetas placet, neque ignorat quisquam aetate etiam cultissima magnam partem fuisse stultos. Quod nostram dico aetatem commodam non est sententia contra mores, quamvis eo tempore pessimi sint saepiusque periculosi rei publicae, sed potius conclusio de rebus gestis: cives utrum mali an boni, secreta naturae magnam partem non reddunt curiosam, immo nova secreta videntur a vita commoda nimie abstracta. Verum non exclamem cum Cicerone o tempora, o mores, quod mores immodici sese repetunt, dum tempora sunt historia inopinata. Quae si tantum esset opinio de moribus corruptis non iam careret quaestione, philosophia esset. Quapropter moribus etiam immutatis mutata nunc tempora neque aetas antiqua nec media nec nova dicantur. Cursus rerum



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gestarum per saecula incertus manet, quod historia Ciceroni contradicens non est magistra vitae ubi homo, incultus aut cultus, horribilis magister historiae est, ubi tantummodo discit, capit, videt quod vult. Non est historia sine memoria, non est memoria sine sententia, non est sententia sine errore. Hora extrema cursus rerum spem multorum frustratus est, sed ipse cum non repetatur locus fit suae propriae spei iuxta desperationem.














Folium III, 2025 I





Der Fürst der Goliarden

BUNTES AUS DEM ,FINSTEREN‘ MITTELALTER

Christoph Wurm

chrwurm@aol.com | christophwurm.de


Hugh Primas

ARTICLE



Hugo von Orléans und die Goliarden

Hugo von Orléans (Hugo Aurelianus), der in der ersten Hälfte des 12. Jahrhunderts lebte, gilt als der bedeutendste Vertreter der sogenannten Goliarden, der französischen Vaganten.1



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Den Kern des uns überlieferten Werks Hugos bilden 23 in einem Oxforder Manuskript (Rawlington G. 109) gesammelte Gedichte, die 1907 von Wilhelm Meyer veröffentlicht wurden. Es handelt sich um formal wie inhaltlich höchst abwechslungsreiche Gedichte ohne Titel, in deren Mittelpunkt die konkreten Lebensumstände eines Dichternomaden stehen.


Wer war Hugo?

Wer war Hugo, der den Ehrennamen Primas trug? Er lebte dreihundert Jahre vor François Villon. Laut einer Hinzufügung zur Chronik Richards von Poitiers3 stammte er aus Orléans und fand um 1142 in Paris große Anerkennung als dichterischer Virtuose, der perfekte Verse extemporieren konnte. Abgesehen von dem Hinweis auf das Geschenk eines Mantels, das Hugo von einem Bischof erhielt und zum Sujet eines Gedichtes machte, finden sich keine Indizien für ein Vagantenleben des Autors. Hugos Gedichte verweisen auch auf Amiens, Beauvais, Reims und Sens.



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Er sei, so deutet er an, clericus (vgl. 16,151). Er habe ein gesichertes Dasein erlangt, diese Position aber wieder verloren und friste als alter Mann sein Leben wieder auf der Straße, berichtet er in 23,1–10. Sein Todesjahr ist unbekannt. In einem Gedicht (18) rühmt er die Kathedralschule zu Reims unter ihrem Leiter Albericus, der diese Position von 1121 bis 1136 innehatte. In einem anderen (16) bezieht er sich auf Sens und – ohne Namensnennung – anscheinend auf Hugo von Toucy, den Erzbischof dieser Stadt 1142 bis 1168.4


Blicke ins reale Leben

In einer Vorbemerkung zu seinem Werk Fürsten, Bürger, Edelleute – Lebensbilder aus dem späten Mittelalter schildert Hartmut Boockmann den Reiz des Studiums seiner spätmittelalterlichen Quellen, der darin liege „Leute, die vor mehr als einem halben Jahrtausend gelebt haben, plötzlich so vor Augen gestellt zu erhalten, als könne man mit ihnen ein Gespräch führen.“5



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Frische und Lebendigkeit gehen auch von Hugos Gedichten aus. „Ortsfremde, die keinen festen Wohnsitz hatten (wie Landstreicher oder Vaganten) oder die wegen der Art des Gewerbes außerhalb der Siedlungsgemeinschaft wohnten (wie Müller, Schäfer, Abdecker), genossen geringes soziales Ansehen; ihre Gewerbe galten als unehrlich.“6

Die elementaren Alltagssorgen des Protagonisten um Nahrung, Unterkunft und Schutz teilt der Dichter uns mit, stets in plastischer, ungenierter, schamloser Konkretisierung, mit grellen, der Narrativik des Barock nicht unähnlichen Obszönitäten.7 Nicht ungefiltert, aber höchst lebendig tritt uns das Leben auf den Gassen, in den Bordellen, in den Schenken entgegen.

Trotz dieser Unmittelbarkeit ist jedoch Vorsicht angesagt, da es wie bei jedem anderen Dichter zwischen faktischer und literarischer Person, zwischen personne und personnage zu unterscheiden gilt.



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Ein Beispiel: In mehreren Gedichten Hugos geht es um Mäntel. Dass der Besitz eines wetterfesten Mantels – vorzugsweise die wohlwollende Stiftung eines wohlhabenden Gönners – für den Vaganten von Bedeutung ist, liegt auf der Hand. Insofern passen die Gedichte in die Lebenswelt des fahrenden Volkes.

Sie gehören aber auch in ein literarisches Genre, das Hugo vom Betteldichter Martial her kennt, der mehrere Epigramme zu diesem Thema verfasste, etwa VI, 82, wo er um einen guten Mantel bittet.

Die Chronik Richards von Poitiers teilt mit, Hugo selber habe seine Mantelgedichte zur Erheiterung seiner Zuhörer vorgetragen, sie also aus ihrem ursprünglichen Funktionszusammenhang herausgelöst. Es stellt sich das Problem der Authentizität der geschilderten Vagantenerfahrungen:



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Hugo überrascht den Leser in einem Gedicht (16,90–97) durch den Hinweis auf eigene päderastische Neigungen, denn bei anderen geißelt er deren Ausleben. Seinen Todfeind, den Kaplan Willelmus, tituliert er etwa als Willelmus Ganymed (23, 107), nach Juppiters Lustknaben. Erst rühmt Hugo den Liebreiz zweier unbehaarter Jünglinge, dann fügt er hinzu, belästigt habe er sie nicht, da er zu alt für so etwas sei: „etas enim mea vergit in senium“ (16,97).



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Spielt hier Hugo ironisierend mit der Sprecherrolle, indem er dem Vaganten Neigungen zuschreibt, die er selbst im realen Leben entrüstet von sich gewiesen hätte?

Es gibt also eine Reihe von Indizien für ein Auseinanderklaffen von Hugo Primas-personne und Hugo Primas-personnage. In seinen Gedichten jedenfalls ist Hugo, der sich selbst bei seinem Ehrennamen Primas nennt, der Prototyp des Vaganten, und sie schildern das Vagantenleben in all seinen Facetten.


Außenseiter

Den Goliarden war es nicht gelungen, in den blühenden französischen Städten Arbeit zu finden. Trotz ihrer Bildung lebten sie ohne gesicherte materielle Existenz auf der Straße, als Autoren und Lehrer. Ungeniert gingen sie daher potentielle Förderer



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um Unterstützung an, weltliche und kirchliche Gönner, die ihnen Unterkunft, Unterhalt und Publikum verschaffen sollten. Ernst Robert Curtius bemerkt allgemein über die „Existenzform des mittelalterlichen Dichters“9, dass Dichter, wenn es ihnen schlecht geht, oft dringend um Abhilfe bitten:

„Oft erbittet und erhält er [der Dichter generell] einen Pelzrock oder ein Pferd. Ist der Pelz etwas abgetragen, so rächt sich Hugo Primas mit bissigen Epigrammen. Der Erzpoet beschwert sich bei seinem Gönner Reinald von Dassel, daß ihm ständig Wasser in den Wein getan werde.“

Großzügigkeit erwarb rühmende Verse, Geiz erntete dichterische Schelte. Dieser Primas, der den Geizigen ihre Maske vom Gesicht reißt, ist das Urbild des Primasso, den uns später, im vierzehnten Jahrhundert, Giovanni Boccaccio im Dekamerone (I, 7) vorstellt, wo der Abt von Cluny sich weigert, dem weltberühmten, aber unerkannten Dichter ein warme Mahlzeit servieren zu lassen.



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Den Kontrast zwischen hoher Bildung und tristen Lebensumständen formuliert Hugo so:

Verecundus victum quero.
Sum mendicus. Vbi vero
victum queram nisi clero,
enutritus in Piero,10
eruditus sub Homero? (23,78–82)

„Ich schäme mich, weil ich auf Nahrungssuche gehen muss. Ein Bettler bin ich. Wo aber soll ich Nahrung suchen, wenn nicht beim Klerus, ich, einer, der in der Wohnstätte der Musen aufgezogen, unter den Händen Homers unterrichtet wurde?“

Fanden die Vaganten einen ersehnten Gönner, der an ihrer Dichtkunst Gefallen fand, so legte ihnen ihre prekären Lebensumstände den alsbaldigen Genuss ihres Lohnes nahe, bei Wein (und zwar möglichst unverdünnt), Weib und Würfelspiel.



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In seinen Gedichten spricht Hugo von Orléans gelegentlich auch allgemeinere Themen an, wie etwa kirchliche Mißstände, oder er geißelt den von ihm unterstellten frevelhaften Lebenswandel von Klerikern. Der bittere Grundton der Gedichte ist die empörte Klage über das Nomadenleben in Armut und darüber, um die Gunst anderer buhlen zu müssen. Schimpfkanonaden treffen die, die ihn ausgenutzt und übers Ohr gehauen haben. Hugo ist daher als poet of disillusion11 bezeichnet worden.


Extemporiertes

Hugo war bekannt für seine Fähigkeit, Verse zu extemporieren. So lesen wir etwa von einem Dichterwettstreit in Rom. Zwei Poeten sollen auf Geheiß des Papstes das Alte und das Neue Testament in möglichst kurzer Form zusammenfassen. Einer benötigt vier – uns nicht überlieferte – Verse. Hugo, der Sieger, benötigt nur zwei:

Quos anguis tristi virus mulcedine pavit:
hos sanguis Christi mirus dulcedine lavit.12

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Antikes

Der Begriff der Rolle, die Hugo einnimmt, ist noch in einem anderen Zusammenhang von Bedeutung. Vier kunstvoll gestaltete Gedichte scheinen nämlich aus dem Rahmen der anderen herauszufallen. Aus den Gassen Frankeichs führen sie in eine ganz andere Welt: die der antiken Literatur. Eines (3) behandelt die Sage von Orpheus und Eurydike, eines (5) Lazarus, eines (10) Odysseus, eines das zerstörte Troja (9).

Und doch spiegelt sich in ihnen die Lebenswelt des Vaganten wider, was bereits bei der Lektüre des ersten der Gedichte deutlich wird.

Auf einem einzigen Moment der Orpheusgeschichte13 liegt der Schwerpunkt, auf der Rede des Orpheus an Pluto (3,32–52); das Gedicht ist möglicherweise, nicht unbedingt, unvollständig. Danach, also vor der gescheiterten Rettung der Eurydike, endet das Gedicht abrupt. Orpheus bittet Pluto um angemessenen Lohn für die Mühsal des Wegs und für seine hohe Dichtkunst: um Eurydike. Der Vagant selber, ebenfalls ein liricus, ist ein Orpheus, der um Lohn für seine Dichtung ringen muss. Die folgenden Verse etwa passen auf den französischen Vaganten genauso wie auf den thrakischen Sänger:



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Prosit quod canto, quod regi servio tanto;
non sine mercede tanta dimittar ab ede. (3,45f.)

Lazarus (5) ist eine weitere Identifikationsfigur Hugos. In scharfen Antithesen stellt der Dichter Armut und Reichtum auf Erden, Rettung und strafendes Höllenfeuer im Jenseits gegenüber. In pointierter Form erzählt er so die Geschichte aus dem Lukasevangelium (16,19–31) nach, um den Reichen durch die Drohung mit dem Feuer der ewigen Verdammnis einzuschärfen, dass sie zur Hilfe für die Armen – hier: die Vaganten – verpflichtet sind.

Während der Evangelist gleich zu Beginn der Geschichte den Armen mit seinem Namen Lazarus vorstellt (πτωχὸς δέ τις ὀνόματι Λάζαρος, 16,20), bleibt der Arme in Hugos Gedicht namenlos. Es könnte sich – so der Eindruck, den der Gedichtanfang vermittelt – durchaus um einen armen, erkrankten Vaganten handeln, vergebens an die Türe eines potentiellen Gönners klopfend.



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Erst in der dritten Zeile verdichtet Hugo mit der Erwähnung des die Eiterbeulen leckenden Hundes (vgl. Lk. 16,21, wo von mehreren Hunden die Rede ist) den Hinweis auf die Lazarus-Geschichte:

Vlceribus plenus victum petit eger, egenus;
dives non audit, victum negat, hostia claudit.
Dum sanies manat, lingens canis ulcera sanat.

„Von Geschwüren übersät bittet der Kranke, Bedürftige um Nahrung. Der Reiche hört nicht hin, verweigert ihm die Nahrung, schließt die Tür. Während der Eiter trieft, leckt ein Hund die Geschwüre und heilt sie so.“

Auch Odysseus (10) wird zur Präfiguration des Vaganten. Im zehnten Jahr seines Umherirrens auf dem Meer sucht Odysseus Teiresias in Theben auf, um von ihm etwas über das Schicksal seiner Gattin und seines Sohnes zu erfahren. Frau und Sohn leben in bitterer Armut, sie sind von den Freiern ausgeraubt. Sie sind auf sich allein gestellt, müssen durch Arbeit und durch Betteln



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mühselig ihren Lebensunterhalt verdienen. Eine schlimme Kunde. Der Trost: Penelope ist ihrem Ehemann unbedingt treu geblieben. Teiresias soll ihm raten, wie er seine verlorenen Schätze wieder ersetzen kann,14 denn auf den Heimkehrer wartet in Ithaka bittere Not:

Ibo dolens Ithacam, nec habens vitulum neque vacam
et bibiturus aquam? Set [sic] mallem visere Tracam
hoc gestans pannos aut Persas sive Britannos,
quam miser ire domum, cui nec seges est neque pomum
nec caro nec vinum nec lana meis neque linum. (10,70–75)

„Werde ich bekümmert nach Ithaka fahren, ohne ein Kalb, eine Kuh zu besizen, und werde ich Wasser trinken? Nein, in diese Lumpen gehüllt würde ich lieber Thrakien besuchen, die Perser oder auch die Britannier, als im Unglück nach Hause zu fahren. Ich besitze weder Saat, noch Frucht, noch Fleisch, noch Wein, noch Wolle für meine Familie oder Leinen.“



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Das Epitheton πολύτλας und Homers Worte im Eröffnungsvers der Odyssee „μάλα πoλλὰ πλάγχθη“ passen exakt auf das Leben des Vaganten: Das Verb πλάζομαι ist ja nichts anderes als die griechische Entsprechung zu vagari.

Um drei klassische Rollen geht es, und um zwei Intentionen: Mitleid mit den Armen, Bewunderung für die Raffinesse des Dichters. Der Vagant ist ein armer Lazarus, ein herumirrender Odysseus, ein Orpheus, der um gerechten Lohn für seine Sangeskunst bitten muss.

In seinen Gedichten verwendet Hugo eine nicht enden wollende Skala von Adjektiven und Partizipien, um die Misere des Vagantendaseins aus möglichst vielen Blickwinkeln zu beschreiben. In dieses Wortfeld gehören auch diejenigen, die er auf Lazarus bezieht, etwa (a)eger, egenus, miser, pauper. Dasselbe gilt für die Schilderung des Odysseus, seiner Gattin und seines Sohnes.



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Das Troja-Gedicht (9) wiederum, in gereimten Hexametern verfasst, fügt sich nahtlos in die Kritik an Hybris und Sittenlosigkeit der Herrschenden ein, die Hugo in anderen Gedichten übt, denn genau diese Punkte sind – so Hugo – die Gründe für den Untergang der Stadt. Helena und Ganymed – diese beiden Namen stehen für die Verderbtheit Trojas, die Ursache für seinen Untergang. Der Name Ganymed wird in den Gedichten mehrfach erwähnt, stets, um die Homosexualität zu brandmarken.

Auch die anderen Gedichte Hugos sind gesättigt mit Anspielungen auf die antike Literatur, und doch wird die Grenze der Identifikation Hugos mit den antiken Vorbildern deutlich. In einem Loblied auf Reims betont er in scharfer Form den Wahrheitsanspruch des Christentums gegenüber den Denkern der heidnischen Antike. So heißt es dort (18,45–56):



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Non hic artes Marciani
neque partes Prisciani,
non hic vana poetarum,
set archana prophetarum.
Non leguntur hic poete,
set Iohannes et prophete.
Non est scola vanitatis,
set doctrina veritatis.
Ibi nomen non Socratis,
set eterne trinitatis.
Non hic Plato vel Thimeus,
hic auditur unus deus.

„Hier gelten nicht die Sieben Künste eines Martian oder die Grammatik des Priscian, nicht die Einbildungen der Dichter, sondern die Geheimnisse der Propheten. Dichter werden hier nicht studiert, sondern Johannes und die Propheten. Es ist keine Schule der Falschheit, sondern die Unterweisung in der Wahrheit. Dort findet man nicht den Namen Sokrates, sondern den der Heiligen Dreifaltigkeit. Nicht Platon noch Timaios, sondern der einzige Gott wird hier gehört.“15



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Gerade die konkretisierenden Hinweise auf den Neuplatoniker Martianus Capella, auf den Grammatiker Priscianus und auf Platon und Timaios von Lokroi dienen dazu, die Vertrautheit des Primas im Umgang mit seinen antiken Vorbildern zu belegen.

Er verwendet eine Vielzahl von Zitaten und Motiven der antiken Literatur, die er in die eigenen Gedichte einschmilzt. Indem er ungewöhnliche, gesuchte Anspielungen und Zitate verwendet, weist er konkurrierende Dichter in ihre Schranken.

Ein Beispiel: Ein scharf kirchenkritisches Gedicht (16) beginnt folgendermaßen:

Iniuriis contumeliisque concitatus
iam diu concepi dolorem nimium.
Nunc demum runpere cogor
silencium, cernens ecclesie triste
supplicium
et cleri dedecus atque flagicium.



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„Wütend über Ungerechtigkeiten und unwürdige Behandlung empfinde ich lange schon übergroßen Schmerz. Jetzt schließlich sehe ich mich gezwungen, mein Schweigen zu brechen. Ich nehme nämlich die bedauernswerte Qual wahr, die die Kirche heimsucht, und Schande und Schmach der Kleriker.“

Die Anfangszeile lässt aufmerken, denn sie ist kein Vers, sondern Prosa, ohne Endreim. Des Rätsels Lösung: Sie ist ein doppeltes Zitat. In seiner Coniuratio Catilinae zitiert Sallust so aus einem Brief des Aufrührers (35,3.):

Iniuriis contumeliisque concitatus, quod fructu laboris industriaeque meae privatus statum dignitatis non obtinebam, publicam miserorum causam pro mea consuetudine suscepi.

Meyer merkt dazu an: „Catilina und der Primas passen in manchem Stück nicht übel zusammen.“16

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Latein und Französisch

Im selben Gedicht verwendet Hugo das Altfranzösische. Er wechselt mehrfach spielerisch zwischen den beiden Sprachen hin- und her, verwendet aber das ganze Gedicht hindurch lateinische Endreime auf –ium. Die soeben zitierten ersten vier Verse setzt er auf diese Weise fort:

Ker quant vos volez faire d’evesche
electium, currentes queritis intra cenobium
l’abé o le prior vel camerarium,
ut cleri sit caput gerens capucium,
cucula iudicet superpellicum (...). (16,6–10)

„Denn wann immer ihr eine Bischofswahl abhalten wollt, stürzt ihr los und sucht den Abt, den Prior oder den Kämmerer innerhalb eines Klosters, damit ein Kapuzenträger Oberhaupt des Klerus sei, damit die Mönchskutte über das Chorhemd urteile.“



22




„Fluently bilingual, he introduced French alongside Latin as a literary language in its own right and without remark.“17 An einer anderen Stelle findet sich eines komisches zweisprachiges Wortspiel. Auf der Flucht vor einem Widersacher ruft Primas, die Treppe hinabstürzend „Alas, alas!“(Oh weh, oh weh!; neufranzösisch hélas) – sodann vermerkt er dankbar, dass Gott ihm Flügel (alas) verleiht. So entkommt er — gleichsam ein goliardischer Daedalus — den Klauen (,manus malas‘) des Feindes.

Dum demitto me per scalas
sepe clamans “Alas! Alas!“
dedit deus plantis alas;
sic evasi manus malas
cursu debilissimus. (15.7,62–65).

Die Aussage „Noch schrieb er auf Latein, mit altfranzösischen Brocken dazwischen“18 ist irreführend, den derlei Wechsel aus der einen in die andere Sprache sind poetisch keineswegs funktionslos:



23





„Der anderssprachige Teil in einem sprachlich determinierten Kontext kann die individuelle seelische Betroffenheit wiedergeben; Paul Zumthor spricht von einem cri du coeur, den man aus ihm heraushören könne.“19


Fürst der Vaganten

Hugo ist nicht nur ein Virtuose mittellateinischer Dichtersprache. Souverän verfügt er auch über Zitate, Motive, Themen antiker Literatur. Bei Primas, dem ,Dichterfürsten’ der Vaganten, gehen klassische Bildung und untrüglicher Realitätssinn Hand in Hand.



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LITERATUR







Textausgaben

The Arundel Lyrics. The Poems of Hugh Primas. Hrsg. und übers. von C.J. MacDonough. Cambridge Massachusetts/London 2010 (Bd. 2 der Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library).

Wilhelm Meyer, Die Oxforder Gedichte des Primas (des Magisters Hugo von Orleans). Nachrichten der Göttinger Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Phil.-hist. Klasse, Göttingen, 1907, in Heft 1 und Heft 2. Nachdruck in einem Band, Darmstadt (Wissenschaftl. Buchgesellschaft) 1970.


Sekundärliteratur

Aurell, M., Dix idées reçues sur le Moyen Âge, Paris 2023.

Boockmann, H., Fürsten, Bürger, Edelleute – Lebensbilder aus dem späten Mittelalter, München 1994.

Curtius, E.-R., Europäische Literatur und lateinisches Mittelalter, 11. Aufl. Tübingen/Basel 1993 (1948).

Lange, W.-D., „Stilmanier und Parodie“. In: Literatur und Sprache im europäischen Mittelalter. Festschrift für Karl Langosch zum 70. Geburtstag. Hrsg. Von Alf Önnerfors et al., Darmstadt 1973, S. 398–416.

Le Goff, J., Das Hochmittelalter (Fischer Weltgeschichte Bd. 11), Frankfurt 1992 (1965).

ders., Die Intellektuellen im Mittelalter. München 1993.

Roeck, B., Der Morgen der Welt. Geschichte der Renaissance. Sonderausgabe München 2019 (2017).

Schieffer, R., „Bleibt der Archipoeta anonym?“ In: Mitteilungen des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung Bd. 98/1-2 (1990), S. 59–79.

Storch, W., Mythos Orpheus: Texte von Vergil bis Ingeborg Bachmann, Stuttgart (Reclam) 2010.

Volkert, W., Adel bis Zunft. Ein Lexikon des Mittelalters. München 1991.

Wurm, C., „El divino Orfeo – Calderón und der Mythos von Orpheus und Eurydike“. In: Forum Classicum 1/2011, S. 55–59.

ders., „Die Sprachen des Beda Venerabilis.“ In: Forum Classicum 4/2012, S. 290– 296.







REFERENZ


Dieser Aufsatz befindet sich auf Folium III, 2025 I, von The Carolingian, und besteht aus 24 Schnitten (sections). Für Referenzzwecke wird folgende Zitiermethode mit Beispielen empfohlen:

Nachname, Vorname: Titel (The Carolingian, Ausgabe, Folium, Schnitt, Link), Besichtigungszeit.

Vollständig: Wurm, Christoph: Der Fürst der Goliarden: Buntes aus dem ,finsteren‘ Mittelalter (The Carolingian 2025 I, fol. III, sec. 12-13: thecarolingian.com/c25.html#f3), Aug. 2025.

Abgekürzt: Wurm, TC 2025 I, f-III s-12-13 hic, Aug. 2025.














Folium IV, 2025 I





The Flaws of Metaphilosophy

CONSEQUENCES OF AN ILL-THOUGHT APPROACH
TO PHILOSOPHICAL PRACTICE

Rex Eloquens


Metaphilosophy

ESSAY



The weariness of metaphilosophy is rightfully justified, as philosophy, an already uncertain endeavor, activity, or enterprise (call it what you will), is ripe with plenty of pregnant questions and, in my view, no absolute answers, but ones of critical importance. The debate around metaphilosophy gives itself the appearance of standing behind philosophy: philosophy is already a heaping mess; the mechanism behind its messiness and disorder, perhaps its setting, must be that more allusive. That can be said to be a safe notion of what metaphilosophy actually is, the man behind the red curtain. But where inquiry into metaphilosophy fails is where inquiry into regular philosophy does: on what grounds do we excavate?



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Allow me to venture unbravely: metaphilosophy is merely a philosophy; there is no hidden world above or below the heaping mess. It is illusory to presume that it is a philosophy that stands outside of philosophy or that metaphilosophy is a mechanism behind philosophy that is necessary to produce that conceptual heap that already does well in resisting clear and central notions—the difficulties multiply. A short detour may be in order. Firstly, it is important to recognize a very prevalent myth, and it is the call and proclamation of a final philosophy. Viewed as a challenge, and if the history of philosophy has any input in the matter, it is to laugh at the idea that a final philosophy has been made absolute and proven to be the case. There is no final book of philosophy, and what does this mean in regard to metaphilosophy? Everything. If, to first begin and metaphilosophize, one must first start with a firm and concrete



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notion of what regular philosophy is, then the question devolves into noise and jargon. Visualization may help: to begin this way is akin to pointing out a singular voice in a room of chatter of one thousand people. The sheer plurality of the amount of answers to what philosophy is would make the inquiry into metaphilosophy itself give as many answers and dead ends as there are corresponding philosophies and then some.

But for all intents and purposes, let us attempt to find firm and solid ground so that the seeds of metaphilosophy can germinate. Assuming that metaphilosophy indeed sets the conditions for philosophy to take flight or acts as a certain key to enable us to answer what philosophy is or why we bother with it, metaphilosophy must then be seen as a meta-metaphysic or just a metaphysic. The reason being is that the grounding



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of any regular philosophy must be metaphysical. The presupposition, axiom, or belief that every philosophy must arise from has its beginnings nowhere except in an already existing metaphysic(s)—systematic or not. If that is so, then whatever metaphilosophy can reveal about philosophy is nothing that metaphysics cannot—because the two are the exact same. Contra analytic philosophy—which claims to dispose of metaphysics—metaphysics is invoked at all times and not just when one discusses philosophy of a particular area or kind. It rests in ideas and, ontologically, through the very languages used for communication. This is the view taken by someone like Martin Heidegger in continental philosophy and, later, Jacques Derrida. If they are to be believed, then metaphilosophy, like the rest of philosophy, must not only grow from the soil that is metaphysics but also be part of it.



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The illusion is that metaphilosophy must stand outside philosophy or be the very ground that philosophy can then have its structures built on, but this is not the case if one takes the view that metaphysics is indeed already the foundation of all philosophy. A philosophy must presuppose, and with any presupposition comes baggage, and metaphilosophy, if it is assigned the roles previously mentioned, must occupy the same space as metaphysics. Can there be two foundations, or do they work more like layers of soil? However one wishes to cut them, there is indeed nothing that metaphilosophy can reveal about philosophy in the general sense that philosophy, taken as a kind of body on its own (including metaphysics and hinges on metaphysics), can’t say about itself. If that is so, what does it mean then to “metaphilosophize”? To think and ponder metaphilosophy is not to metaphilosophize



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but to philosophize. Much like how to ponder metaphysics (though largely considered a mere branch of philosophy) is to ponder philosophy while simultaneously considering the setting of philosophy, where it must necessarily take place. Metaphilosophy may be seen as some grand attempt to understand philosophy through philosophy, the philosophy of philosophy perhaps, but in secret, is simply using metaphysics under a different name as a way in.

Though this is an uncharitable view, and while it is a clear one, perhaps there is always more than meets the eye, and any philosopher worth their salt would understand that perhaps it isn’t so. If we take a few steps back, forget the firm ground and answers for just a second, could it be that metaphilosophy’s greatest virtue is not in finding a skeleton key to that great and messy heap of philosophy (if that were a possible aim to begin with), but



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that it has potential in provoking greater, older, and new kinds of questions? To use an example, a meta-ethical question may take the following form: what does it mean to philosophize about ethics to begin with? Notice how this isn’t to ask what is ethical or to necessarily ask what ethics is; it is a question regarding the meaning of the action to ponder ethics as a whole. A possible answer would be value-based, that some of us ponder ethics humanely, that is, to become better people or perhaps improve society. And while in my perspective it is still accurate to say that metaphilosophy as well as this question belongs to the body of philosophy (and in the case of the example, could still be said to be soundly within ethics), could metaphilosophy still be a gateway to new kinds of questions, as well as a sneaky way of rethinking and revisiting older ones that are always in need of a fresh pair of eyes?



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Meta-aesthetics could easily slip into aesthetics and, in the process, bring to light the possible aims and nature of why humans care to have this bizarre thing called art, what it means to ponder the philosophy of art, and why one would want to ponder the pondering of art to begin with. Metaphilosophy may have a bright future yet, and at the risk of being prophetic, perhaps the subject is just one treatise or essay away from solidifying itself as another, serious and distinct philosophical branch, despite the naysayers like myself, who swear unto it that it is merely a meta-metaphysics, which is just metaphysics, and therefore part of the philosophical body, not outside of it. The consequences of metaphilosophy nevertheless leave the possibility of being grand and fruitful, regardless of how it’s characterized. The meat of the subject,



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or preferably, a different kind of angle on an old object, may just provide something completely unexpected. It is in its potentiality that should at the very least draw attention—and while it is indeed hotly contested, there is still little exclusive work done on the matter. Is it right to say it will bring nothing when it yet hasn’t been properly attempted?

The grounds that we excavate are not set. There is no X marks the spot where one should begin, but there is a landscape, that is to say, there is a general area of metaphilosophy, and all that is left to do is to dig and see what comes of it.














Folium V, 2025 I





The Bloo Bouk

AN ORTHOGRAPHIC LEGACY
FOR THE FUTURE OF ENGLISH

Emma de Morgon


Bloo Bouk

ESSAY



In an age where linguistic expression risks the twin perils of homogenisation and chaos, the Bloo Bouk emerges as an offering both radical and rooted. Equal parts literary artefact and orthographic system, the Bloo Bouk presents a vision for modern English that reaches deep into the soil of its medieval past—especially Middle English—while cultivating the creative freedoms of the present. It is not a rebellion against the standard forms of spelling, but an invitation to pluralism grounded in historical awareness.


A Path to Orthographic Diversity

At its core, the Bloo Bouk offers a parallel code of English spelling based on consistent principles drawn largely from the Middle English corpus, including sources as varied as King Horn, Havelok the Dane, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and of course the Canterbury Tales. It also accommodates Old and Modern English



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practices, where Middle English sources fall short of orthographic solutions. Its purpose is not to replace conventional English orthography but to enrich the field. Its very existence is a living proof that an internally coherent and etymologically grounded alternative is possible.

Where modern English spelling often reflects the sedimentation of chaotic reforms and foreign influences, the Bloo Bouk code seeks to make visible the underlying morphology and history of the language, without neglecting phonetic and phonological features. This becomes evident from the introduction to morphology in the Bloo Bouk code, where English stems and affixes are spelled in such a way that their relationships become more transparent, while root alterations follow older patterns of inflection with greater regularity without loss of readability and visual familiarity.



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This is not an attempt at reconstruction in the academic sense, nor a phonetic spelling system. Rather, it is a literary and semi-philological gesture toward a more meaningful orthographic diversity—one that allows English speakers and writers to participate in an older but not wholly lost continuum of linguistic expression.

The Bloo Bouk also carries a decolonial potential that is often overlooked in discussions of spelling reform. English orthography, in its current standardised form, was exported globally through the machinery of the British Empire and later reinforced by the cultural dominance of Anglophone publishing, education and commerce. Colonial subjects were required to adopt the spellings of London printers and schoolmasters—standards which had little relation to their own linguistic realities. Even today, globalisation imposes uniform English spelling across trade, technology and international bureaucracy, often marginalising local dialects and variant forms.



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By offering a well-referenced, historically grounded alternative, the Bloo Bouk disrupts this inherited orthographic centralism. It reclaims the right to spell—not arbitrarily, but creatively and conscientiously—outside the orbit of imperial and commercial prescription. In doing so, it opens a space for a pluricentric English: one that recognises cultural memory, poetic agency and the legitimacy of divergence. For many foreign speakers, it is an insult to world literacy that the most spoken language has the worst spelling.


Between Myth and Memory: The Origins of the Bloo Bouk

The history of the Bloo Bouk, as recounted by its curator, the Modern Schola (Moscla), is as enigmatic as it is evocative. According to the most accepted account, the Bloo Bouk was first composed or compiled at Sherborne Abbey in the 8th century under the inspiration of Aldhelm, and maintained by a secretive Knighthood of the Bloo Bouk, who passed down its principles in quiet opposition



4


Bloo Bouk Sherborne Abbey
Monks and scholars update the Bloo Bouk during the 1287 conclave, Sherborne Abbey.



to a sinister, corrupting force known as Devilspel—an eschatological term which represents the forces of linguistic decay and spiritual confusion, in line with medieval imagery. Indeed, the Arthurian aura of much of the story has raised suspicion among historians.

While no scholarly consensus exists on the truth of this narrative, the story performs an essential cultural function. It dramatises the intuition that something vital is missing in the modern handling of English: a sense of language as a symbolic vessel, not merely a utilitarian tool. The truths and legends of the Bloo Bouk thus serve a dual purpose: they invite imaginative participation in the legacy, and they shield it from the charge of being a mere modern contrivance.

Indeed, whether or not the Knighthood of the Bloo Bouk ever existed, the code is not arbitrary. Its spellings can almost always be traced to verifiable Middle English sources or plausible



5




analogues. Had it been entirely invented, the code even then would not be the product of fantasy but of careful comparative philology, a deep reading of historical documents and a poetic instinct for morphological clarity difficult to expect from a single inventor.


The Tyranny of the Dictionary and the Illusion of Orthographic Finality

One of the central errors the Bloo Bouk counters is the widespread belief that dictionaries prescribe official spelling. This misunderstanding, though common even among educated people, was explicitly rejected in the Oxford English Dictionary’s own 1888 preface, which emphasised the descriptive, not prescriptive, nature of its enterprise: it showcases not right spellings but main forms, i.e. the most common written form of a word among others that have existed since 1150. All of them are listed. Yet English orthography remains trapped in the legacy of Samuel Johnson’s 1755 dictionary, whose aim was to “fix” language—a goal even he admitted



6




was impossible. Worse still, Johnson introduced numerous irregular spellings that defied both phonetics and etymology, just as chancery officers, printers and amateur linguists had done under Henry VIII.

Johnson’s remark that a word once corrupted can never be recalled reflects a fundamentally defeatist and unhistorical view. Languages across the world have disproven this: in Norway, spelling reforms in the 20th century successfully revived Old Norse roots, replacing Danish impositions with forms closer to native usage (e.g., vann replacing vand and å instead of at). German underwent several orthographic reforms with minimal loss of literacy or literary continuity. Turkish, under Atatürk, changed alphabets entirely. Even French, famously conservative, has permitted minor spelling reforms with state support. These examples demonstrate that spelling, far from being fixed, is malleable and responsive to cultural will and historical conscience.



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The dogmatic clinging to certain manneristic spellings in English is therefore less a necessity than a distorted aesthetic preference—often one whose logic has long been forgotten. The Bloo Bouk, far from attempting to erase tradition, proposes an alternate fidelity: not to the habits of 18th-century printers, but to the morphologies and textures of English in its fuller historical depth. It is not vandalism, but recovery.

It is worth underlining that English spelling is neither official nor legally enforceable. Unlike in countries with formal language academies or state-sanctioned spelling laws, English-speaking nations have no legal mechanism obliging citizens to spell words in any particular way. This paradoxically stems from the very freedom Samuel Johnson championed when he resisted calls to found an English Academy akin to the Académie Française. His view



8


Beowulf

Listen! We have report of the majesty of the people’s kings of the spear-wielding Danes in days of old: truly, those princes accomplished deeds of courage! Many a time Scyld Scefing dispossessed the throngs of his enemies, many nations, of their seats of feasting and struck awe into men of stature, after he had first been found, scantly provided. For that, he was to meet with consolation: here below the skies he flourished and prospered in estimations of his worth until each one of his neighbours across the whale-traversed ocean had to obey him and yield him tribute. He was a good king.

Later an infant son was born into the world to him, whom God sent as a comfort to the people. He came to understand the tormenting distress they had once suffered, being for a long while without a leader; for this, the Lord of life, heaven’s Ruler, granted him worldly renown. Beowulf, son of Scyld—far and wide was his glory spread—was famed throughout the lands of Scandinavia. Just so ought a young man by his integrity, by generous gifts of treasure whilst in his father’s guardianship, to bring it about that later, when he is of age, willing comrades will be at hand when war comes and will support their prince. By praise-worthy actions a man will thrive in any nation.

Lissen! We hav repórt ov the majesty ov the pépels kinns ov the speer-weelding Dæns in dæs ov œld: trooly, thœs princes acùmplisht deeds ov cùragg! Meny a tym Sheeld Shæfing disposèst the thronns ov his enemys, meny nácions, ov thear seets ov feesting and struk oa into men ov statur, awfter he had ferst been faund, scantly províded. For that, he wos to meet widd consolácion: heer belœ the skys he flùrisht and prosperd in estimácions ov his werth until eech wun ov his næbors acròss the hwæl-travérst œshan had to obáy him and yeeld him tribuet. He wos a goud king.

Læter an infant sun wos born into the werld to him, hoom God sent as a cumfort to the pépel. He cæm to understand the tormènting distrèss thæ had wuns suferd, being for a long hwyl widdaut a leeder; for this the Lord ov lyf, hevens Ruler, grànted him werldly renoun. Bewouf, sun ov Sheeld—far and wyd wos his glory spred—wos fæmd throo the lands ov Scandinávia. Just sœ oat a yung man by his integrity, by generos gifts ov tresur hwylst in his fawdders gardianship, to bring it abaut that læter, hwen he is ov ægg, wiling comræds wil bee at hand hwen wor cums, and wil supórt thear prins. By præz-werddy accions a man wil thryv in eny nácion.

trl. Prof. S. A. J. Bradley, Anglo-Saxon Poetry, 1982.



was that the English language should remain free from political or institutional control. Very well, then—English spelling is free. But this liberty must run both ways. If there is no legal authority mandating orthography, then there must also be space—intellectually and culturally—for orthographic dissent. The orthographic obsessions of state and school with right spellings would hardly resist a legal challenge. Cultural freedom must include the courage to diverge: to cultivate, not just tolerate, orthographic diversity. In this context, the Bloo Bouk impulse is deeply grounded in counterculture, conservative and revolutionary at once.


The Best Referenced English Spelling System?

This attention to source and structure makes the Bloo Bouk code arguably the most extensively referenced English spelling system. Unlike earlier reformers—from John Hart to Noah Webster



9




to George Bernard Shaw—the Bloo Bouk does not attempt to simplify English for the sake of efficiency, nor does it rely on disused letters (þ, ð etc.), alien letters (å ø ñ etc.) and artificial digraphs (dh, nh, zh etc.) for a pedantic accommodation of phonetics, as one commonly sees in reform proposals by amateurs and linguists out of touch with the historical aesthetics of English. Instead, the Bloo Bouk allows the familiar and traditional logic of the language to survive under new conditions.

Being an organic system, each orthographic choice in the Bloo Bouk is typically verifiable by a textual precedent or morphological rationale. Even creative spellings carry within them a traceable memory of older usage. This anchoring in source material not only lends the project an authority of customary entitlement, it also ensures that any reader fluent in Middle English (or with access to dictionaries such as MED) can verify much of the code independently.



10




One of the most distinctive and pedagogically valuable features of the Bloo Bouk is its system of accentuation for Greek and Latin-Romance words, outlined in the guidance for English accentuation. This system uses non-intrusive diacritical marks to indicate stress in unexpected positions, as well as to disambiguate morphological prefixes of variable stress and vowel quality—a clarity never available in standard English orthography. This has a profound impact on readability, particularly for foreign learners, who often struggle with unpredictable stress patterns, and for dyslexic readers, who benefit from consistent visual cues that support decoding. Rather than oversimplifying the language, the Bloo Bouk enriches it with tools that enhance intuitive understanding and revive long-obscured structures. It does not just look for form and past, it also reconciles orthography with the modern sounds of the language.



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An Invitation, Not a Demand

Crucially, the Bloo Bouk does not advocate a new orthographic tyranny. This would stand against everything in the history of English. It is not a reform movement in the political or prescriptive sense. Spelling often has an emotional value that deserves respect. For some, it is a code that comes pre-agreed as a part of their identity. For others, it is part of an arbitrary social contract they have not signed. Thus the Bloo Bouk is an offering: a document, a legacy of one possible English—organic, historical and open to beauty. It shows what English might have become if different cultural forces had shaped it, or if consistent traditions had never been abandoned. And it shows the game of English spelling is not over.



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It is also an invitation to experiment. Writers, poets, thinkers who feel that modern orthography hampers expression, or who simply long for the aesthetic and symbolic resonance of older English, are free to adopt or adapt the Bloo Bouk code to their purposes. There is more than just black and white. The legacy is not about compliance, but about conscience and creativity.

The Bloo Bouk is neither a joke nor a dogma. It is a living document that stands between literary expression and orthographic art. Whether one accepts its proposed origins or views it as a modern philological artifice, its code remains a testament to the possibilities of English as a diverse and expressive medium. In a cultural moment where spelling is either sacrosanct or disposable, the Bloo Bouk offers a third way: a path of reverence, recovery, renewal.














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